학교체육의 양성평등 실현방안에 관한 연구: 타이틀 나인의 3가지 검사에 대한 활용
Research regarding the Realization of Gender Equity in School Sports: Application of the Three-Part Test of Title IX
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1972년 미국 교육개정법 중 일부로 채택된 타이틀 나인은 이전까지 남학생 위주로 실시되었던학교체육의 여학생 참여율을 획기적으로 높였다. 특히 1979년 연방정부에 의해 도입된 3가지 검사(Three-Part Test)를 통해 보다 명확한 기준에 의거해 타이틀 나인 준수 여부를 평가하여 이를 어길경우 정부의 재정지원 중단 등의 강력한 처벌이 가능하게 되었다. 타이틀 나인이 미국 학교체육의양성평등 실현에 큰 공헌을 한 것은 사실이지만 이에 관련된 문제점 또한 존재한다. 본 연구에서는 타이틀 나인의 핵심인 3가지 검사의 심도 있는 분석을 토대로 국내 실정에 부합하는 여학생 학교체육 활성화를 위한 법정책의 방향을 제시해 보았다. 3가지 검사는 미국대학의 1군 운동부를 대상으로 ‘전체 학생 대비 남녀 운동선수 비율의 실질적 비례원칙’, ‘여학생 운동부 확대의 역사와 이에 대한 지속적인 실천’, ‘여학생의 스포츠에 대한능력/흥미의 충분한 수용’의 3가지 기준을 제시하여 이 중 어느 하나만이라도 충족시킬 수 있다면타이틀 나인을 준수한 것으로 판단한다. 3가지 검사의 대표적인 문제점으로 역차별 문제를 들 수있는데 첫 번째 검사 기준인 실질적 비례원칙을 준수하기 위해 수영, 레슬링, 체조 등 비인기 종목의 남자 운동부가 다수 해체되고 있다는 것이다. 또한 두 번째와 세 번째 검사의 경우 학교들이현실적으로 법을 준수하기 어렵다는 문제점이 존재한다. 국내 학교 운동부는 대부분 1군 위주로 구성되어있기 때문에 3가지 검사를 국내 학교체육에 도입할 경우 초중고 및 대학교를 비롯한 모든 학교 운동부에 이를 적용시킬 수 있다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 3가지 검사를 모든 학교 운동부에 활용할 수 있는 방안을 모색하였다. 이에 더해, 국내 학교체육에서 일반 여학생의 저조한 체육 참여율이 지적되고 있는 만큼 클럽 스포츠, 교내 스포츠 등의체육 관련 특별활동에 주안점을 두어 3가지 검사를 활용할 수 있는 방안도 함께 살펴보았다. 추후의 타이틀 나인 연구에서는 관련 법 조항의 구체적인 분석과 함께 정책의 세부적인 실행 사항에대한 심도 있는 연구가 이루어지길 기대한다. 또한 관련 판례를 보다 자세히 분석하여 어떠한 이슈들에의해 법적 분쟁이 발생하였는지를 구체적으로 규명하는 연구가 진행되었으면 한다. 마지막으로 본 연구가제시한 방안 이외의 다른 방식으로 3가지 검사를 국내 학교체육에 적용하는 연구가 이루어지길 바란다.
Abstract
Title IX, adopted as a portion of the United States Education Amendment of 1972, dramatically raised the rate of female participation on school sports program, which has long been dominated by male students. Especially, the three-part test, introduced by federal government in 1979, provided precise criterion to enforce severe penalties(e.g., suspension of government funding) for the breach of Title IX. It is obvious that Title IX has contributed to the achievement of gender equity; however, its problems also exist. Focusing on analyzing the three-part test, this study suggested the direction of Korean legislative system, which is aimed at boosting female participation on school sports. With regards to the operation of intercollegiate athletics, an institution can comply with Title IX when the three-part test find no breach on one of the following three benchmarks: 1) substantial proportionality of athletic participation rate between male and female students, 2) history of female sports program expansion and its continuous practice, and 3) fully and effectively accommodating the interest and ability of female students regarding sports participation. The main problem of the test was the reverse discrimination against male student athletes in that non-revenue male athlete programs, such as swimming, wrestling, and gymnastics, were often be dismissed due to schools’ efforts to comply with the substantial proportionality standard of the first test. Also, there have been practical difficulties in complying with the second and third tests for many schools. If the three-part test is introduced in Korean school athletics, it can be applied to every school level since most schools focus on running varsity teams. Therefore, the study sought the way of applying the test to all school levels including elementary, secondary, and college levels. Also, because comments were commonly made on Korean female students' low sports participation rates, the study paid attention to sport-related extracurricular activities, such as club sports and intermural sports, in approaching the three-part test from a different viewpoint. Further Title IX research would be recommended to investigate relevant law clauses and policy requirements in more detail. Also, further research would be expected to identify which issues can cause any legal disputes regarding Title IX through the detail analyses of relevant legal cases. Finally, further research would find unique way of applying the three-part test in Korean school sports, which would be different from what this study suggested.
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