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탈냉전기 흑해지역 전략환경의 변화와 미국, EU, 러시아의 대응

Changes of Strategic Environment in the Black Sea Areas and Rivalries Between US, EU and Russia

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초록

지난 20여년간 흑해지역의 전략환경은 긍․부정적 측면들이 공존하면서 발전해왔다. 민주주의 및 시장경제가 확산되었으며, 지역협력과 에너지 협력도 확대되었다. 그러나 EU, NATO 가입국과 비가입국간 유․무형의 장벽이 존재하며, 여전히 민족․영토 분쟁이 미해결의 상태로 남아있다. 또한 NATO의 확대와 유럽 MD구축을 둘러싼 미․러간 첨예한 갈등이 계속되고 있다. 또한 비록 BSEC 같은 전 지역차원의 경제협력기구가 존재하지만 전 지역차원의 안보협력기구가 부재한 가운데 NATO-CSTO간 대립구도가 고착화되고 있다. 흑해지역의 이중적인 전략환경은 역내외 요인들에 의해 형성, 변화되어 왔다. 흑해지역은 지리적으로 다양한 소지역을 포함하고 있으며, 그 결과 정치․경제․문화적으로 다양성이 두드러지고 있다. 또한 흑해지역은 역사적으로 강대국들의 세력경쟁이 지속된 곳이었고, 그 결과 역내 국가들간 불신, 증오, 경제적 불균형, 영토분쟁 등이 존재한 곳이다. 이러한 역사적 유산 외에 민주화 및 경제발전의 다양성, 취약한 거버넌스, 부정부패 만연, 정국불안 등도 흑해지역 전략환경의 이중성을 심화시키는 요인으로 작용하고 있다. 또한 흑해지역 전략환경의 이중성은 미국, EU, 러시아간 세력경쟁에 의해 더욱 심화되었다. 미국, EU, 러시아는 흑해지역 내 안보이슈, 에너지 안보, 지역협력, 정치발전을 둘러싸고 대립하고 있다. 향후 흑해지역 전략환경의 변화과정에서 터키와 우크라이나의 역할이 중시되고 있다.

Abstract

For the past 20 years, the strategic environment in the Black Sea areas has developed with showing both positive and negative aspects. Democracy and market economy have been spreaded while regional and energy cooperation has been extended. However, visible or invisible barriers between member and non-member countries of the EU and NATO as well as ethnic and territorial disputes still remained unsolved. Besides, the US-Russia conflicts continue over building European missile defense (MD) and expanding NATO. Conflicting between NATO and CSTO has set in as only all-region-wide economic cooperation organization such as the BSEC exist without such organization for security cooperation. The two fold strategic environment generated and changing can be explained by several factors within or out of the region. The Black Sea region geographically includes a variety of small areas, and therefore it reveals political, economic and cultural diversity. Historically with the continuous power struggle among the global power countries in the region, it has experienced distrust, enmity, economic imbalance and territorial disputes. Besides those historical facts, other factors such as democratization, diversity of economic development, weak governance,pervasive corruption and unstable political situation also caused severe duality of the strategic environment in the Black Sea region. Particularly,the power struggle among the US, EU and Russia more intensified the duality. The countries are conflicting over the security issues including energy security, regional cooperation and political development within the Black Sea region. For the future transformation of the strategic environment in the region, role of Turkey and Ukraine is getting attention. This study analyzes how the main actors in the Black Sea region, named the US, EU and Russia impacted on creating and changing of the region’s strategic environment in the Post-Cold War era.

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