Stem cells, organoids and their applications for human diseases: Special issue of BMB Reports in 2023
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Studying human biology has been challenging with conventionalanimal models or two-dimensional (2D) cultured celllines. Recent advances in stem cell biology have made it possibleto culture stem cells in vitro, leading to the establishmentof in vitro three-dimensional (3D) organ-like structures knownas organoids. Organoids are self-organizing 3D miniature tissuesthat mimic the tissue architecture and functionality of invivo counterparts. Currently, organoids can be established formultiple tissues such as the intestine, brain, kidney, prostate,pancreas, liver, bladder, heart, and retina, either from pluripotentstem cells (PSCs), including embryonic stem cells (ESCs) andinduced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), or adult stem cells(AdSCs). In addition to normal organoids, patient-derived tumororganoids have been established from various human tumorssuch as pancreatic, colorectal, breast, liver, prostate, and bladdertumors. Also, bioengineering technologies including biomaterialand scaffold fabrication, bioprinting, and microfluidicshave been recently applied to create more mature and complexorganoids and miniature tissues in vitro. Incorporating recentlyadvanced computational analyses including multi-omics profilingand bioinformatics further facilitated the process of using humanorganoids as a novel platform for human disease modeling,drug screening to identify potential targets and novel therapeutics,and the development of precision medicine and regenerativetherapies.
Abstract
Studying human biology has been challenging with conventionalanimal models or two-dimensional (2D) cultured celllines. Recent advances in stem cell biology have made it possibleto culture stem cells in vitro, leading to the establishmentof in vitro three-dimensional (3D) organ-like structures knownas organoids. Organoids are self-organizing 3D miniature tissuesthat mimic the tissue architecture and functionality of invivo counterparts. Currently, organoids can be established formultiple tissues such as the intestine, brain, kidney, prostate,pancreas, liver, bladder, heart, and retina, either from pluripotentstem cells (PSCs), including embryonic stem cells (ESCs) andinduced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), or adult stem cells(AdSCs). In addition to normal organoids, patient-derived tumororganoids have been established from various human tumorssuch as pancreatic, colorectal, breast, liver, prostate, and bladdertumors. Also, bioengineering technologies including biomaterialand scaffold fabrication, bioprinting, and microfluidicshave been recently applied to create more mature and complexorganoids and miniature tissues in vitro. Incorporating recentlyadvanced computational analyses including multi-omics profilingand bioinformatics further facilitated the process of using humanorganoids as a novel platform for human disease modeling,drug screening to identify potential targets and novel therapeutics,and the development of precision medicine and regenerativetherapies.