17~18세기 도성 밖 治安策의 확립과 漢城府民의 역할

Abstract

This paper looked into the fact that the public security policy of the government, which had been overly focused within the existing castle town, gradually extended in its scope beginning in the 17th century along with the changes in the urban structure of Hanseongbu during the later Joseon period, and the public security system was established eventually outside of the castle town at the military, the police, and the private levels. The extension of urbanization outside of the castle town during the later Joseon period exceeded the concept of the defense of a walled city during the early Joseon period in light of public security. The urban defense by a citadel was reduced in utility for residents outside of the castle town because they failed to enter the border of its protection. Therefore, public security outside the castle town could not help becoming poorer than that inside the castle town. All the more, as the society advanced and became complicated, the public security situation became even more difficult. Accordingly, the 17th century Joseon government was unable to convert the quality of public security of Hanseongbu to be of quality only with the existing police bureau. The government had to be prepared with a flexible public security system and measures in response to changed social, economic environments. The notable thing in public security outside the castle town during the 17th to 18th centuries is that first, although the government attempted to restructure the public security system outside the castle town along with the extension of the scope of Hanseongbu City, it was still overly weighted inside the castle town. Despite the fact that the area outside the castle town was far broader than that inside it, public security power outside the castle town was merely 37% of the total public security power of Hanseongbu. Second, beginning in the 17th century, the region outside the castle town quickly urbanized and the administrative scope of Hanseongbu was expanded. Then, Gyeonggang(京江) served as another physical public security institute outside the castle. In this way, Hanseongbu reinforced public security through the dual protective borders, namely, the castle town and Gyeonggang. Third, the government emphasized cooperative public security between residents in Hanseongbu by using Jwagyeong(坐更:an alternative night watch by a resident from one house out of five houses) and the Ogajaktong system(五家作統: a system that grouped five houses as one for administration) for public security outside the castle town. The government stressed cooperative public security by attracting the participation of residents in Hanseongbu who played the role of the beneficiary of the public security service in the public security administration. The government attracted their active participation by even further strengthening the role of residents in Hanseongbu in terms of public security activities through Jwagyeong and Ogajaktong. Likewise, only beginning in the 17th to 18th centuries, did the government accentuate cooperative public security between residents in Hanseongbu and the military and the police in order to establish a public security system outside the castle town, and prepared ways to ensure the sense of safety for public security for residents as well as the effect of crime prevention by fortifying patrolling power. However, the management of Hanseongbu by the country during the 17th to 18th centuries failed to develop an impartial management system that left no local discrimination. Albeit regions outside the castle town had been managed by the country, the public security of Hanseongbu still appeared limited because it was only concentrated on the region inside the castle town even in the 17th to 18th centuries.