1920~1930년대 任富得의 사회주의 수용과 조직 활동
Im Bu-Deuk’s Acceptance of Socialism and Organizing Activities under the Period of Japanese Colonial Rule in Korea
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본 연구는 전북지역의 사회주의자 임부득(任富得, 1911~1987)의 생애중 사회주의 수용과 조직 활동을 다뤘다. 그는 전라북도 김제군 성덕면 묘라리 641번지에서 1남 3녀 중 셋째로 출생했고 비교적 유복한 집안에서성장했다. 보통학교 재학 시절, 일본인 여교사를 보고 교원을 지망했으나 방법을찾지 못한 채 1926년 4월에 전주고녀에 입학했다. 2학년 여름 방학 때, 만경여성친목회 발기인으로 참여했다. 같은 해 오빠 임휘영이 준 작은 책을 읽으면서 사회 문제에 눈을 뜬 임부득은, 이후 혼자 시사잡지와 사회과학 서적을 구매하여 사회주의를 공부했다. 임부득은 전주고녀에서 2학년을 마치고 1928년 4월 16일, 조선인 여학교인 전주여고보로 전학을 갔다. 3학년에서 4학년으로 진급할 시기인1928년 3월, 임부득은 임휘영의 전주고보 동창이자 사회주의자인 김철주(金鐵柱, 1908~1977)와 결혼했다. 4학년 때 임부득은 전주여고보 교내 비밀결사 ‘반회’를 조직했다. 그러나 이 조직이 경찰에 발각되며 1929년 8월26일 퇴학당했고 검찰에 송치된다. 1930년 3월 5일 임부득은 치안유지법 위반 등으로 징역 1년을 선고받아 전주형무소에 투옥되었다. 수감 중에 감옥에서 교회사와 면담할 때 사회주의와 여성 문제 인식을 밝혔다. 그는 독서를 통해 향후 계획을 생각했고 출옥 후, 전북지역 조선공산당 재건운동에 참여했다. 대중을 조직하던중 경찰에 검거되어 1934년 12월, 징역 1년을 선고받았고, 전주형무소에 서 두 번째 수감생활을 했다. 임부득의 생애 중 사회주의 활동과 여성 문제 인식 기간은 전주여고보재학시절부터 1934년까지 약 6년이다. 그는 2차 출옥 후, 서울로 거취를옮긴 뒤 운동가의 삶을 그만두고 평범한 가정주부로 살았다. 임부득의 생애를 통해 1930년대 초반 사회주의 조직 활동 흐름을 파악할 수 있고, 식민지 조선의 독립과 해방 후 건국에 뒤로 밀렸던 당대 여성 문제의 한계점을 알 수 있다.
Abstract
This study explores the acceptance of socialism and organizational activities during the life of Im Bu-deuk (任福得, 1911~1987), a socialist in the Jeonbuk region. Im Bu-Deuk was born at 641 Myora-ri, Seongdeok-myeon, Gimje-gun, Jeollabuk-do. She was the third child and only son, with three sisters. When she was in elementary school, she saw a Japanese female teacher and developed a desire to become a teacher herself. However, in April 1926, she entered Jeonju Girls’ School without finding a way to pursue that path. During the summer vacation of her sophomore year, she participated as a promoter of the Mangyeong Women’s Fellowship Association. Im Bu-Deuk, who became aware of social issues through reading a small book given to her by her older brother Im Hwi-Young, pursued her study of socialism independently. She accomplished this by acquiring current affairs magazines and social science books on her own. From that point onward, her awareness of social problems was awakened. She started visiting bookstores on her own, purchasing books, and delving into study of socialist ideology. On April 16, 1928, after completing her sophomore year at Jeonju Girls’ High School, Im Bu-deuk transferred to Jeonju Womens’ High School, a Korean womens’ school. In March 1928, when she was promoted from the 3rd grade to the 4th grade, Im Bu-deuk got married to Kim Cheol-Ju (金鐵 柱, 1908~1977), a socialist who was also a classmate of Im Hwi-Young’s Jeonju high school. In the 4th grade, Im Bu-deuk organized a secret society named ‘Banhoe’ at Jeonju Womens’ High School. However, this organization was discovered by the police, and as a result, on August 26, 1929, she was expelled from school subsequently taken into custody by the prosecution. On March 5, 1930, Im Bu-deuk was sentenced to 1 year in prison for violating the Public Security Act. Consequently, she was imprisoned in Jeonju Prison. While in prison, she expressed her awareness of socialism and women’s issues during interviews conducted by the prison chaplain within the prison. Through reading and contemplation, she contemplated her future plans. After being released from prison, she actively took part in the reconstruction movement of the Joseon Communist Party in Jeonbuk. While actively organizing the public, she was arrested by the police in December 1934. She was subsequently sentenced to one year in prison and served her second imprisonment at Jeonju Prison. Throughout Im Bu-deuk’s life, the period of her engagement in socialist activities and advocacy for women’s issues spanned approximately 6 years, starting from her time at Jeonju Womens’ High School and lasting until 1934. After her second release from prison, she relocated to Seoul, where she decided to discontinue her involvement in the socialist movement. She then led a life as an ordinary housewife. Im Bu-Deuk’s life allows us to understand the progression of socialist organizational activities in the early 1930s and provides insights into the constraints surrounding women’s issues during that time. These issues were marginalized amidst the struggle for independence in colonial Joseon and the subsequent establishment of a nation after liberation.