힌두이즘의 기원에 대한 재조명__힌두교는 동인도회사(EIC)의 발명품인가?__
Reexamination of the Origin of Hinduism: Was Hinduism Invented by East India Company?
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힌두이즘은 세계에서 3번째 규모를 자랑하는 종교로 알려져 있다. 그것은 인도의 종교이자 다르마 또는 생활방식으로써 인도아대륙과 동남아시아의 여러 곳에서 폭넓게 신행되고 있다. 그런데 W. C. 스미스 이후 다수의 학자들은 힌두이즘이 19세기 초에 영국의 학자 및 식민행정 관리들에 의해 만들어졌다고 주장한다. 반면에 D. 로렌젠 등은 특정 시기에 특정 집단에 의해 갑자기 만들어진 것이 아니라 장기적 상호작용을 통하여 점진적으로 형성되었다고 주장한다. 본고에서는 현대에 구축된 정치적 통일체로서의 인도가 대영제국의 이념적 창조물이라는 설득력 있는 주장처럼, 힌두이즘도 19세기 초 영국의 발명품이란 주장이 타당한지에 대하여 재조명하고자 한다. 필자는 이를 위하여 19세기 초가 아닌 그 직전의 인도상황을 살펴보고자 한다. 왜냐하면 18세기 후반은 사설 무역회사에 불과했던 동인도회사가 인도를 직접 통치하게 되면서 영국의 대인도정책이 급변한 대전환기이기 때문이다. 당시 동인도회사의 지적 분위기는 계몽주의적 관용정신이 주된 흐름이었다. 그렇지만 같은 인도인들에 대해서도 무슬림과 힌두에 대한 영국의 태도는 명백한 차이가 있었다. 더 나아가 A. 다우, C. 윌킨스 등은 효율적 식민통치를 위하여 힌두의 카스트 전통을 지키고자 한다. 이런 분위기에서 W. 헤이스팅스가 실시한 사법개혁은 근대 힌두이즘의 형성에 결정적 역할을 한다. 이에 본고에서는 1772년 사법개혁의 전후사정과 그것이 힌두이즘에 미친 영향을 중심으로 다루고자 한다.
Abstract
Hinduism is the world's third largest religion. It is an Indian religion and dharma, or way of life, widely practised in the Indian subcontinent and parts of Southeast Asia. Hinduism has been called the oldest religion in the world. However many scholars, such as R. King, argue that Hinduism was created by British scholars and administrators in the early 19th century. D. Lorenzen et al., On the other hand, argue that it was formed gradually through long-term mutual interactions rather than being suddenly created by certain groups at certain times. In this paper, I would like to reexamine the validity of Hinduism as a British invention in the early 19th century, just as a persuasive argument that India as a political unit in modern times is an ideological creation of the British Empire. For this purpose, I would like to look at the situation of India just before the beginning of the 19th century. This is because in the late 18th century, the East India Company, which was only a private trading company, directly ruled India, is a major turning point in the British policy towards India. At that time, the intellectual atmosphere of the East India Company was mainly the tolerance of the Enlightenment. However, for the same Indians, there was a clear difference in the British attitude toward Muslims and Hindus. Furthermore, A. Dow and C. Wilkins and others want to keep the Hindu hierarchy for effective colonial rule. In this circumstance, the Judicial Plan by W. Hastings plays a decisive role in the formation of modern Hinduism. Accordingly, this paper will focus on the Judicial Plan of 1772 and its impact on Hinduism.
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