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복지국가는 창의성을 발현하는가?

Does the welfare state make people more creative?

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초록

지식기반 경제 시대에 혁신의 중요성이 높아지고 동시에 반복적 업무가 사라지고 창의적 업무가 살아남는다는 연구결과들은 창의성에 대한 정책적 관심을 높이고 있다. 이에 따라 관련 연구는 그 영역을 계속 넓히고 있다. 교육적이고 문화적 차원에서 창의성을 다룬 연구들은 많지만, 개인을 둘러싸고 있는 제도가 창의성에 미치는 영향에 대한 연구는 부족하다. 본 연구는 복지국가 제도들이 부여하는 안정성이 창의성에 내재되어 있는 위험성과 불확실성을 해결할 수단이라 가정하며, 복지국가의 안정성이 일상적 창의성의 발현에 어떠한 영향을 미치는지 살펴보았다. 특히 복지국가가 제공하는 안정성의 개념을 적극적 안정(사회투자)과 소극적 안정(사회보호)로 구분하여, 사회투자지출과 사회보호지출이 개인의 창의성 발현에 어떠한 영향을 미치는지 분석하였다. 이를 위해 본 연구는 5차와 6차 세계가치관조사(World Value Survey) 중 OECD 19개국 19,732 케이스를 대상으로 다층모형을 통해 분석을 실시하였다. 분석 결과는 다음과 같다. 우선 국가별, 복지레짐별로 창의성의 차이가 나타났다. 우선 국가별로 창의성의 차이가 나타났으며, 이는 일정 정도 복지레짐별 차이를 보인다. 그리고 사회투자지출과 사회보호지출의 수준이 높아질수록 개인의 창의성에 긍정적인 영향을미치는 것으로 나타났다. 이와 같은 결과는 복지국가의 확대가 시민들의 안정성을 보장하여 창의성을 요구하는 현대 사회경제체제에 정합성을 가진다는 것을 보여준다. 본 연구는 정책적 함의로 4차산업혁명 속에서 기업가정신과 혁신을 촉진하는 창의성을 높이기 위해 복지국가 제도의 확대가 중요함을 제시한다.

Abstract

Creativity has been a buzzing word in knowledge-based economies. Entrepreneurs and creative people are expected to produce more jobs in the labour market. Also, according to the thesis of the routine-biased technological change, jobs with routinised tasks are more likely to disappear than those with creative tasks in the era of digital revolution. While fear of increasing technological unemployment and subsequent labour market dualisation are looming, rhetoric on creativity has been ever-increasing in public and private sectors. But, despite its importance, surprisingly less has been known what makes people more creative. In this research, we investigate on the role of the welfare state providing stability and security to people in influencing the level of individual’s creativity using the World Value Survey 5th and 6th waves and some country-level variables. Analysing 19 western and East Asian welfare states, it is found that the generous social protection policy and high level of social investment policy significantly influence the level of people’s creativity. We argue that social security against instability promotes individuals’ autonomy in life and work, which also critically shapes the level of creativity. In the end, we draw some policy implications that the universal social investment and inclusive social protection increase the sustainability of the welfare state in the new digital capitalism.

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