20세기 초 러시아 정원도시(город-сад)

Abstract

This article examines how Ebenezer Howard's concept of the garden city developed and transformed in Russia in early 20th century. Cities in the Russian Empire faced many problems, such as increasing poverty, housing shortages, and high rents, during the process of rapid industrialization. Howard's garden city idea, which sought to solve urban problems through the construction of planned cities, quickly spread throughout the Russian Empire and into Soviet Russia after the October Revolution. Garden city experiments were conducted not only in large cities such as St. Petersburg and Moscow, but also in new settlements created along the Trans-Siberian Railway. This article is divided into three parts. Chapter 2 examines the socio-economic conditions of Russian cities and Howard's idea of ​​the ‘garden city’. Chapter 3 discusses the garden city experiments attempted in the center and the outskirts of Russia. Chapter 4 explores the garden city experiments of architects and urban planners after the October Revolution, as well as the attitude of the Bolshevik party and the state toward the garden city. In conclusion, experiments on constructing garden cities in Russia aimed at imperial expansion, while those in Soviet Russia sought to establish a socialist system. However, the idea of ​​the ‘garden city’, which primarily emphasized mutual cooperation between cities and rural areas and mutual aid among residents based on autonomy, ultimately proved difficult to reconcile with Soviet urban planning, which was based on centralized control of social groups.