사회주의와 도시의 상투성
The Cliche of the City in the Soviet Union
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사회주의 시대뿐 아니라 포스트 사회주의 시대에서도 사회주의 도시의 특수성이 존재했는가 하는 문제는 논쟁의 대상이 되고 있다. 기존의 연구가 사회주의 도시의 특수성을 사회주의의 공식적 목표인 평등이 도시에 실제로 구현되었는가에 초점을 맞추었다면, 이 논문은 그 특수성을 계획경제가 낳은 획일성과 천편일률에서 살펴 보려고 한다. 하지만 획일성과 반복성은 자본주의의 신도시에서도 쉽게 나타나기 때문에, 그 자체로는 사회주의 도시의 특성이라고 말할 수는 없다. 그보다는 사회주의가 획일성과 반복성을 자체 교정하지 못하는 무기력함을 보인 것이 오히려 특징에 가깝다고 할 것이다. 이 논문은 이런 현상을 들뢰즈의 논의를 변형해 도시의 상투성으로 개념화하며, 이를 근대적 통치가 사회주의적 한계에 부딪히는 과정이라고 주장한다. 사회주의 체제는 상투성에 대해 공간의 전용이나 풍자 같은 방식으로 대응하지만, 이는 상투성을 극복하는 데에까지 이르지는 못했다.
Abstract
There has been no general consensus on whether the socialist city existed, differentiated from its capitalist counterpart. Whereas the debate on the nature of socialist cities has so far tended to pay much attention to the equality within the city or between cities manifested by the segregation based on social status, educational background or ethnic group, this paper explores its distinctions in terms of uniformity and repetitiveness. However, because even planned new towns in capitalism have also shown a certain degree of uniformity and repetitiveness, it is hard to say they belonged exclusively to socialism. Rather, socialism’s inability to cure the repetitiveness and boring standardization in urban space should be pointed out as its characteristics. This paper attempts to conceptualize these phenomenon as the cliche of the city, drawing on Deleuze’s philosophical discussion, and argues that they were a modern technology of governmentality faced with its own limitations. Although the Soviets reacted to the cliche by the transposition of space or sarcastic anecdotes, they were not powerful enough to overcome the everyday cliche provided by urban environment.
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