後漢 鄧太后 臨朝稱制의 性格 ― 政治主導와 治者意識을 중심으로 ―
The Characteristics of the Empress Dowager Deng’s Regency in the Later Han — The Political Leading and Ruler Self-consciousness of Deng —
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‘The regency by the empress dowager 臨朝稱制 (Regency)’ occurred six times in Later Han. Among them, the case of ‘Empress Dowager Deng 鄧太后 (Deng)’ is noted, and her reign of regency took place over about 16 years. Her regent exhibits several main characteristics. First, While most of the Empress's dependence on the clan member such as father or brother, in case of Deng, this aspect has disappeared after 4th year of Yongchu 永初 era. This shows the identity and confidence of Deng that she can stably adjust her politics without relying on the clan. Sencond, people with different opinions were also selected and appointed unless they criticized her regency. Third, Deng, in her name, made a ‘doctrine by empress dowager 皇太后詔’, went directly inside and outside of the palace, ordered various measures, and there were no restrictions on either space or field. Besides, certain people were sent to reconciliation meetings to intervene and convert public opinion. Especially, The Deng also took various measures, focusing especially on the resolution of disasters and the revival of Confucianism. This can be understood as the attempt of the Deng to adjust the herself into the ideology of the Confucian bureaucrats, and as self-determination as the actual ruler of the Later Han. Based on the consciousness of being a ruler, Deng actively controlled the clan and tried to spread the benevolent rule. Other regents also seemed to have this consciousness, but there was a difference between the empress in the degree of effort to practice consciousness. Not only that, there were many criticisms of other regents and its clan, while the criticism itself was very slight at that time and later, The Deng was proclaimed as the “Wenmu 文母 of the Han Dynasty”. This is a positive evaluation of the Deng's efforts to have a Confucian literacy, to cultivate herself, to lead the politics by balancing the clan and bureaucracy. The Deng was developed differently from the other regents, and it was the main factor that could be maintained for a long time even in the special situation—the absent of the clan.
Abstract
‘The regency by the empress dowager 臨朝稱制 (Regency)’ occurred six times in Later Han. Among them, the case of ‘Empress Dowager Deng 鄧太后 (Deng)’ is noted, and her reign of regency took place over about 16 years. Her regent exhibits several main characteristics. First, While most of the Empress's dependence on the clan member such as father or brother, in case of Deng, this aspect has disappeared after 4th year of Yongchu 永初 era. This shows the identity and confidence of Deng that she can stably adjust her politics without relying on the clan. Sencond, people with different opinions were also selected and appointed unless they criticized her regency. Third, Deng, in her name, made a ‘doctrine by empress dowager 皇太后詔’, went directly inside and outside of the palace, ordered various measures, and there were no restrictions on either space or field. Besides, certain people were sent to reconciliation meetings to intervene and convert public opinion. Especially, The Deng also took various measures, focusing especially on the resolution of disasters and the revival of Confucianism. This can be understood as the attempt of the Deng to adjust the herself into the ideology of the Confucian bureaucrats, and as self-determination as the actual ruler of the Later Han. Based on the consciousness of being a ruler, Deng actively controlled the clan and tried to spread the benevolent rule. Other regents also seemed to have this consciousness, but there was a difference between the empress in the degree of effort to practice consciousness. Not only that, there were many criticisms of other regents and its clan, while the criticism itself was very slight at that time and later, The Deng was proclaimed as the “Wenmu 文母 of the Han Dynasty”. This is a positive evaluation of the Deng's efforts to have a Confucian literacy, to cultivate herself, to lead the politics by balancing the clan and bureaucracy. The Deng was developed differently from the other regents, and it was the main factor that could be maintained for a long time even in the special situation—the absent of the clan.
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