‘바이러스와의 전쟁’ 은유의 의미와 한계
The meaning and limitations of war metaphors in relation to viruses
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초록
코로나19의 진행이 세계적으로 장기화되면서 그동안 국가와 대중매체가 줄곧 사용해온 ‘전쟁의 은유’를 ‘평화와 공존의 은유’로 바꿀 필요성에 대한 논의가 제기되고 있다. 이 논문은 바이러스 질병에 적용돼온 전쟁 은유가 과학적으로 적합하지 않은 근거를 제시하는 한편, 바이러스 학계의 분류와 명명 과정이 전쟁 은유의 형성에 일정한 역할을 담당했다는 점을 지적한다. 첫째, 바이러스는 숙주 세포 내에서만 활동하고 그 바깥에서는 물질입자에 불과하며, 증식과정에서 수많은 돌연변이가 발생한다. 따라서 살아있는 적군(바이러스)이 아군(우리 몸)을 공격한다는 은유적 표현은 타당하지 않다. 둘째, 바이러스 종류에 대한 구분과 명명 과정에서 학계는 기존 생물의 계통분류 체계와 린네의 이명법에 적극 의존해 왔다. 결과적으로 학계에서도 전쟁 은유에 부합하는 활동이 벌어졌다. 셋째, ‘종’의 설정에서 명확한 기준이 없는 탓에 명칭이 일관되지 못했으며, 질병 이름에 전쟁 은유의 표현을 결합함으로써 사회적으로 부당한 차별과 혐오를 일으키기도 했다. 그 결과 WHO는 SARS 및 MERS의 사례와 달리 바이러스 이름을 반영하지 않은 COVID-19를 제시하기에 이르렀다. 전쟁 은유의 부적합한 요소와 학계의 연원을 인지한 가운데 대안적 은유를 마련하는 본격적인 논의가 필요하다.
Abstract
As the damage caused by COVID-19 has been prolonged globally, a strand of academic discourse has attempted to supersede the martial metaphors which are commonly employed by governments and the media in relation to the virus with metaphors related to peace and coexistence. This article shows that the use of martial metaphors in this context is scientifically inappropriate, but also that scientific classifications and nomenclatures have played a certain role in the formation of this perspective. It is incorrect because first, viruses can only proliferate within host cells, and outside these cells they are simply material particles. In addition, many mutations occur during the proliferation process within these cells. Therefore, the metaphorical image that living enemies (viruses) attack us (our bodies) is not valid. Second, the academic community relies on the existing system of biological classification and binomial nomenclature, which has made it possible to describe viruses as living entities amenable to martial metaphors. Third, lacking clear standards for identifying living species, the names of diseases in combination with their description through metaphors of war has caused unjust discrimination. As a result, WHO devised the name COVID-19 which does not reflect the provenance of the virus, in contrast to the cases of SARS and MERS. A thorough debate is needed in order to develop alternative metaphors, while recognizing the invalid dimensions of martial metaphors and their academic origin.
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