역행하는 예언자: ‘하강과 상승 모티프’의 관점에서 본 요나의 여정 이해
The Regressive Prophet: Understanding Jonah's Journey through the Motif of Descent and Ascent
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이 논문은 요나서를 조셉 캠벨의 영웅 서사 구조인 ‘하강과 상승’ 모티프를 바탕으로 분석하면서, 전형적인 영웅 이야기와는 다른 ‘역행’의 서사로 해석한다. 그는 하강하는 여정 속에서 깨달음을 얻은 듯 하지만, 결국 니느웨를 심판하지 않은 하나님에 대해 항의하며, 자기 중심적 주장을 굽히지 않는다. 이 이야기는 스스로 영웅이 될 수 없는 인간의 한계를 조명한다.
Abstract
This study examines the Book of Jonah through the lens of Joseph Campbell's "descent and ascent" motif in heroic narratives, reinterpreting Jonah's journey not as a typical transformative ascent, but as a narrative of regression. While traditional hero stories depict the descent into crisis as a precursor to renewal and growth, Jonah's descent-marked by geographic and symbolic downward movement into the depths of the sea and the fish's belly-leads not to transformation but to a deeper entrenchment in self-centered attitudes. The analysis draws attention to the continuity between the Jonah of 2 Kings 14:25, who is portrayed as a pro-monarchic prophet proclaiming territorial restoration, and the Jonah of the prophetic book, who resists God's mercy toward the enemy nation of Assyria. Jonah's refusal to fully carry out God's commission and his anger at Nineveh's repentance reflect his adherence to an ethnocentric theology that limits divine grace to Israel alone. Although Jonah outwardly obeys God by proclaiming judgment to Nineveh, his message lacks clarity, divine attribution, and openness to repentance. Despite Nineveh's genuine turn from evil, Jonah reacts with anger, highlighting his unresolved inner conflict. This inversion of the hero motif ultimately reveals the limits of the human prophet. Jonah appears to rise, but fails to undergo the inward transformation essential to heroic ascent. The Book of Jonah, therefore, offers a literary and theological critique of exclusive salvation, emphasizing that true transformation-both individual and communal-requires transcending self-interest and embracing the universality of divine mercy.