본문 바로가기
KERD
논문KCI 등재

사면은 언제나 평화를 낳는가? 1973년 이래 태국의 정치변동과 과거청산에 관한 연구

Amnesty for Peace, Amnesty for Conflict: Political Transitions and Justice in Thailand Since 1973

서지원
국제지역연구원 (Institute of Global Affairs)|2014.09|아태연구 (Journal of Asia-Pacific Studies)|제21권 제3호|pp. 83-118|DOI 10.18107/japs.2014.21.3.004

0

조회

0

다운로드

0

인용

0

참고문헌

키워드

사면amnesty과거청산태국Thailandtransitional justice푸미폰 국왕King Bhumibol노란셔츠 대 붉은셔츠yellow v. red
주제분류사회과학일반

초록

민주화나 분쟁의 종식 등의 정치변동에서 과거청산과 관련되어 흔히 논쟁되는 구도는 사면 대 기소이다. 논쟁은 인권침해의 가해자들을 사법처리한다면 이들이 이행을 방해하는 ‘훼방꾼’ 노릇을 하여 분쟁이 종식되지 않는 반면 적극적인 사면 정책은 평화를 가져올 수 있다는 전제하에 이루어진다. 그러나 쿠데타로 이어진 최근 태국의 정치적 위기는 정부가 일괄 사면법안을 준비하면서 불거졌다. 따라서 이 논문에서는 사면이 평화를 가져온다는 일반론이 성립되지 않게끔 하는 정치적 조건에 대해 살펴본다. 2013년의 정치적 맥락은 지금까지 사면이 태국에서 중요한 정치적 국면마다 등장하여 이행의 한 부분으로 기능할 때와는 달랐다. 2006년 이후의 정치적 변화로 인해 태국에서는 기존과 달리 서로 대항하는 시민사회 세력 내지는 당파적 대중운동이 등장하여 사면에 반대하는 역(逆)훼방꾼 역할을 맡은 데다 분쟁의 최종적 중재자로서 푸미폰 국왕이 갖는 권위도 약화되었으며, 이는 사면안이 오히려 정치적 불안정을 촉발하게 하는 요인으로 작용하였다.

Abstract

The aim of this paper is to examine political conditions that invalidate the usual causal mechanism between amnesty and peace. Debates on transitional justice often center on amnesty versus prosecution. The problem is the balance and tradeoffs between justice and peace: it is assumed that perpetrators of abuses will act as spoilers of peace processes when they are prosecuted, leading to continued conflict, while amnesties bring about peace. The recent political crisis in Thailand, however, was triggered by the blanket amnesty bill. The political context of the 2013 amnesty bill was different from the previous conditions that enabled amnesties to work as a part of transitions. As a result of political changes since 2006, Thailand saw the emergence of mass movements who counter each other, often acting as “reversed spoilers” against amnesties. Moreover, King Bhumibol’s authority as the final arbiter weakened, precluding the resolution of political conflict “à la Thailand” since 1973, which had always included amnesties.

참고문헌 (77)

  1. 곽재성, "과거청산의 국제화와 보편적 사법권의 효과 - 피노체트 사건의 영향을 중심으로", 라틴아메리카연구, 20(2), pp.5~37 (2007), 한국라틴아메리카학회
  2. 김홍구, "푸미폰 국왕의 정치개입 요인 분석", 동남아연구, 19(2), pp.53~108 (2009), 동남아연구소
  3. 김홍구, "태국 민주주의의 심화와 헌정공학", 동남아시아연구, 23(1), pp.45~87 (2013), 한국동남아학회
  4. 김홍구, "태국의 만성적 정치불안은 언제까지?", 내일을 여는 역사, (54), pp.137~154 (2014)
  5. 박은홍, "포스트-탁신 시대의 '붉은셔츠': 이념, 조직, 행동", 동남아시아연구, 23(1), pp.89~126 (2013), 한국동남아학회
  6. 서중석, "지배자의 국가, 민중의 나라-한국 근현대사 100년의 재조명" (2010), 돌베개
  7. 수타차이 임프라서트, "동남아시아의 민주주의와 인권", pp.135~155 (2003), 경인문화사
  8. 윤진표, "태국 민주주의의 혼란: 국가와 시민사회의 부조화", 한국태국학회논총, 19(1), pp.37~75 (2012), 한국태국학회
  9. 이내영, "동아시아의 민주화와 과거청산: 한국·필리핀·태국의 비교연구" (2004), 아연출판부
  10. Anderson, Benedict, "The Spectre of Comparisons: Nationalism, Southeast Asia and the World", pp.139~173 (1998), Verso
  11. Anderson, Benedict, "The Spectre of Comparisons: Nationalism, Southeast Asia and the World", pp.174~191 (1998), Verso
  12. Asia Watch and Physicians for Human Rights, "Bloody May: Excessive Use of Lethal Force in Bangkok. The Events of May 17-20, 1992", ~ (1992)
  13. Bowie, Katherine Ann, "Rituals of National Loyalty: An Anthropology of the State and the Village Scout Movement in Thailand" (1997), Columbia University Press
  14. Chairat Charoensin-o-larn, "Southeast Asian Affairs 2013", pp.287~304 (2013), ISEAS
  15. Connors, Michael K., "Southeast Asian Affairs 2011", pp.287~305 (2011), ISEAS
  16. Connors, Michael K., "Bangkok May 2010: Perspectives on a Divided Thailand", pp.274~286 (2012), ISEAS
  17. Farrelly, Nicholas, "Southeast Asian Affairs 2012", pp.301~317 (2012), ISEAS
  18. Freeman, Mark, "Necessary Evils: Amnesties and the Search for Justice" (2009), Cambridge University Press
  19. Freeman, Mark, "Amnesty in the Age of Human Rights Accountability: Comparative and International Perspectives", pp.42~64 (2012), Cambridge University Press
  20. Gutmann, Amy, "Truth v. Justice: The Morality of Truth Commissions", pp.22~44 (2000), Princeton University Press
  21. Haberkorn, Tyrell, "Revolution Interrupted: Farmers, Students, Law, and Violence in Northern Thailand" (2011), University of Wisconsin Press
  22. 김성철, "State Violence in East Asia", pp.185~208 (2013), University Press of Kentucky
  23. Handley, Paul M., "The King Never Smiles: A Biography of Thailand’s Bhumibol Adulyadej" (2006), Yale University Press
  24. Hayner, Priscilla, "Unspeakable Truths: Transitional Justice and the Challenge of Truth Commissions" (2011), Routledge
  25. Heinze, Ruth-Inge, "Ten Days in October-Students vs. the Military: An Account of the Student Uprising in Thailand", Asian Survey, 14(6), pp.491~508 (1974)
  26. Human Rights Watch, "Thailand: Deliver Justice for 2010 Political Violence", ~ (2013)
  27. Human Rights Watch, "Thailand: Lack of Justice for 2010 Violence Fuels Abuses", ~ (2014)
  28. Huntington, Samuel, "The Third Wave: Democratization in the Late Twentieth Century" (1991), University of Oklahoma Press
  29. Southern Thailand: Moving Towards Political Solutions?, "International Crisis Group", ICG, ~, pp.ICG Asia Report. No. 181 (2009)
  30. Kim, Hunjoon, "Explaining the Deterrence Effect of Human Rights Prosecutions for Transitional Countries", International Studies Quarterly, 54(4), pp.939~963 (2010)
  31. Kobkua Suwannathat-Pian, "Kings, Country and Constitutions: Thailand’s Political Development, 1932-2000" (2003), Routledge
  32. Mallinder, Louise, "Amnesty, Human Rights and Political Transitions: Bridging the Peace and Justice Divide" (2008), Hart
  33. McCargo, Duncan, "Network Monarchy and Legitimacy Crises in Thailand", The Pacific Review, 18(4), pp.499~519 (2005)
  34. McCargo, Duncan, "Thaksin and the Resurgence of Violence in the Thai South: Network Monarchy Strikes Back?", Critical Asian Studies, 38(1), pp.39~71 (2006)
  35. McCargo, Duncan, "Tearing Apart the Land: Islam and Legitimacy in Southern Thailand" (2009), NUS Press
  36. McCargo, Duncan, "Thailand’s National Reconciliation Commission: A Flawed Response to the Southern Conflict", Global Change, Peace & Security, 22(1), pp.75~91 (2010)
  37. McDorman, Ted L., "The 1991 Constitution of Thailand", Pacific Rim Law & Policy Journal, 3(2), pp.257~298 (1995)
  38. Méndez, Juan E., "Amnesty in the Age of Human Rights Accountability: Comparative and International Perspectives", pp.17~29 (2012), Cambridge University Press
  39. Murray, David, "Angels and Devils: Thai Politics from February 1991 to September 1992, A Struggle for Democracy?" (1996), White Orchid Press
  40. O’Donnell, Guillermo, "Transitions from Authoritarian Rule: Tentative Conclusions about Uncertain Democracies" (1986), Johns Hopkins University Press
  41. Ockey, James, "Reforming Thai Politics", pp.107~123 (2002), NIAS
  42. Ockey, James, "Thailand in 2012: Reconciling a New Normal", Asian Survey, 53(1), pp.126~133 (2013)
  43. Ockey, James, "Thailand in 2013: The Politics of Reconciliation", Asian Survey, 54(1), pp.39~46 (2014)
  44. Orentlicher, Diane F, "Settling Accounts: The Duty to Prosecute Human Rights Violations of a Prior Regime", The Yale Law Journal, 100(8), pp.2537~2615 (1991)
  45. Pasuk Phongpaichit, "Thailand, Economy and Politics" (2002), Oxford University Press
  46. Pasuk Phongpaichit, "Thaksin" (2009), Silkworm Books
  47. Payne, Leigh A., "Transitional Justice in Balance: Comparing Processes, Weighing Efficacy" (2010), United States Institute of Peace Press
  48. Roberts, Marcus, "Thailand’s ‘War on Drugs’", The Beckley Foundation Drug Policy Programme: A Drugscope Briefing Paper, ~ (2004)
  49. Rotberg, Robert I., "Truth v. Justice: The Morality of Truth Commissions", pp.3~21 (2000), Princeton University Press
  50. Snyder, Jack, "Trials and Errors: Principle and Pragmatism in Strategies of International Justice", International Security, 28(3), pp.5~44 (2003)
  51. Streckfuss, David, "Bangkok May 2010: Perspectives on a Divided Thailand", pp.274~286 (2012), ISEAS
  52. Somchai Preechasinlapakun, "Dynamics and Institutionalization of Coups in the Thai Constitution" (2013), Institute of Developing Economies, Japan External Trade Organization
  53. Sudarat Musikawong, "Mediating Memories of the 1970s in Thai Cultural Production", 박사, pp.2006
  54. Surin Maisrikrod, "Southeast Asian Affairs 1993", pp.327~349 (1993), ISEAS
  55. Thongchai Winichakul, "Cultural Crisis and Social Memory: Modernity and Identity in Thailand and Laos", pp.243~283 (2002), RoutledgeCurzon
  56. Thongchai Winichakul, "Thongchai Winichakul’s Letter to the International Criminal Court", Prachathai, ~ (2012)
  57. Interim Report, Truth for Reconciliation Commission of Thailand (TRCT), Third Report (July 2011-March 2012), "Truth for Reconciliation Commission of Thailand", ~ (2012)
  58. Truth for Reconciliation Commission of Thailand, "Press Release for the Final Report of the Truth for Reconciliation Commission of Thailand", ~ (2012)
  59. Zimmerman, Robert F., "Student ‘Revolution’ in Thailand: The End of the Thai Bureaucratic Polity?", Asian Survey, 14(6), pp.509~529 (1974)
  60. Achara Ashayagachat, "Court Spurns Angkhana’s Witness Plea", The Bangkok Post, ~ (2014)
  61. Asian Human Rights Commission, "Petition by the AHRC to His Majesty the King of Thailand Regarding Forced Disappearance of Mr Somchai Neelaphaijit", ~ (2005)
  62. Campbell, Charlie, "Thailand’s Amnesty Bill Unites Political Foes Against Government", Time, ~ (2013)
  63. Head, Jonathan, "Thai Report Blames Both Sides for Escalating 2010 Unrest", BBC News, ~ (2012)
  64. Marwaan Macan-Markar, "Thailand Drug War Probe Investigating Slain Civilians Under Thaksin Shinawatra", IPS, ~ (2009)
  65. Waleemoh Pusu, "Tak Bai Incident: 6 Years on and Justice Remain Elusive", Isra News Agency, ~ (2010)
  66. "B2bn Fails to Soothe Victims’ Kin", Bangkok Post, ~ (2012)
  67. "Campaigners Dispute Black May Report", The Nation, ~ (1999)
  68. "Chula Seeks Solutions via Study of Red-shirt Protest", The Nation, ~ (2010)
  69. "Experts Hope Govt will Sign Convention on Enforced Disappearance", The Bangkok Post, ~ (2010)
  70. "Nobel Winners Annan, Ahtisaari Say Reconciliation Requires Compromise", Bangkok Post, ~ (2012)
  71. "Opposition Plans Challenge to Govt Amnesty Decree", Bangkok Post, ~ (1992)
  72. "Thai PM Reopens Probe into Thaksin's ‘War on Drugs’", AFP, ~ (2010)
  73. "Thai PM’s Radio Address Reveals More Than 1,128 People Killed in War on Drugs", AFP, ~ (2003)
  74. "The Outrage of Tak Bai", Bangkok Post, ~ (2010)
  75. "Thailand’s 2013 Protests in Comparison" (2013)[URL]
  76. "Somchai Neelapaichit Missing for Seven Years" (2011)[URL]
  77. "Thai Government Report Reveals Thai Military Br utality in May Pro-Democracy Massacre" (2000)[URL]

관련 논문AI추천

국가폭력 이후의 사면: ‘가해자의 관용’과 ‘피해자의 용서’ - 1980-90년대 광주민주화운동 관련 사면을 중심으로 -정일영한국사학사학회 · 韓國史學史學報2020 · 제42호태국의 군부쿠데타와 민주주의로의 여정: 2006년 군부쿠데타 이후를 중심으로이동윤한국태국학회 · 한국태국학회논총2014 · 제20권 제2호전환기 정의와 문민통제: 군부정권 경험 국가들의 양적분석을 중심으로이화준화랑대연구소 · 한국군사학논집2023 · 제79권 제3호태국의 정치변동과 민주주의: 주요 정치행위자를 중심으로서경교한국태국학회 · 한국태국학회논총2012 · 제18권 제2호태국 민주주의와 군부 쿠데타: 2006년과2014년 쿠데타를 중심으로서경교한국태국학회 · 한국태국학회논총2015 · 제22권 제1호タイにおける民主化の葛藤 ―2014年5月22日クーデターのタイ政治史における位置づけ―上原和甫일본연구센터 · 차세대 인문사회연구2016 · 제12호

이 간행물의 다른 논문 (8건)

‘양안서비스무역협정’의 쟁점과 대만 사회 갈등구조 변화김민환, 정현욱pp. 5-35중국의 대외정책 결정과정에서 인터넷 여론의 역할: 제3차 북한 핵실험에 대한 정책결정을 중심으로이정남pp. 37-63마코프 국면전환 모형을 이용한 아시아 시장에서의 Business Confidence와 주가수익률에 관한 연구윤병조pp. 65-81Does Migration Promote Democracy at Home? Social Remittance and Democratic Attitudes in the Philippines오윤아pp. 119-142재한 중국 동포의 정체성의 정치: 단체의 조직과 활동을 중심으로이춘호pp. 143-180
원문 보기