Testing the Importance of Information Control to Pyongyang: How North Korea Reacts to the Diplomatic, Information, Military and Economic Tools of Statecraft
0
조회
0
다운로드
0
인용
0
참고문헌
키워드
초록
Applying big data and sentiment analysis to 15 years of North Korean state media reports, this paper tests the importance that Pyongyang places on information control. By comparing Pyongyang’s responses to four categories of foreign policy tools: diplomatic, information, military, and economic (the DIME construct), this research found that North Korea reacts far more negatively to information and military tools than to diplomatic or economic tools. The broader findings demonstrate the efficacy of information as a tool for pressuring authoritarian states, and provide democratic states an option for responding to influence or cyber campaigns launched by authoritarian, state-level peers.
Abstract
Applying big data and sentiment analysis to 15 years of North Korean state media reports, this paper tests the importance that Pyongyang places on information control. By comparing Pyongyang’s responses to four categories of foreign policy tools: diplomatic, information, military, and economic (the DIME construct), this research found that North Korea reacts far more negatively to information and military tools than to diplomatic or economic tools. The broader findings demonstrate the efficacy of information as a tool for pressuring authoritarian states, and provide democratic states an option for responding to influence or cyber campaigns launched by authoritarian, state-level peers.
참고문헌 (96)
- "Virtual Defense" (2001)[URL]
- "S. Korea, US Begin Military Drill Despite N. Korea Threats" (2015)[URL]
- "U.S. Intelligence Chief: China Top Suspect in Government Agency Hacks" (2015)[URL]
- Armistead, Leigh, "Information Operations Matters" (2010), Potomac Books, Inc.
- Baek, Jieun, "North Korea’s Hidden Revolution: How the Information Underground Is Transforming a Closed Society" (2016), Yale University Press
- "Center for Nonproliferation Studies, The CNS North Korea Missile Test Database" (2017)[URL]
- Cha, Victor, "The Impossible State: North Korea, Past and Future" (2012), Harper Collins
- "DPRK Provocations and US-ROK Military Exercises, 2005 to 2016" (2016)[URL]
- "Computer Networks in South Korea Are Paralyzed in Cyberattacks" (2013)[URL]
- "Gunfire Exchanged across Korean Boundary" (2014)[URL]
- "Korean Navies Skirmish in Disputed Waters" (2009)[URL]
- "Koreas Exchange Fire After Activists Launch Balloons Over Border" (2014)[URL]
- "North and South Korea Trade Fire Across Border, Seoul Says" (2015)[URL]
- "North Korea Denies It Laid Mines That Maimed Soldiers From South" (2015)[URL]
- "North Korea Placed Mines That Maimed Soldiers at DMZ, South Says" (2015)[URL]
- "South Korea Accuses the North After Land Mines Maim Two Soldiers in DMZ" (2015)[URL]
- "South Korea Bars Leaflet Drop Over Border With North" (2012)[URL]
- Choucri, Nazli, "Cyberpolitics in International Relations" (2012), MIT Press
- Choucri, Nazli, "Introduction: Cyberpolitics in International Relations", International Political Science Review, 21, pp.243~263 (2000)
- "Integrating Cyberspace and International Relations: The Co-Evolution Dilemma,’ in Explorations in Cyber International Relations (presented at the ECIR Workshop on Who Controls Cyberspace?, MIT Political Science, 2012), Working Paper No. 2012-29"[URL]
- "Statement for the Record Worldwide Threat Assessment of the US Intelligence Community Senate Armed Services Committee" (2016)[URL]
- "North Korea’s Secret Movie Bootleggers: How Western Films Make It Into the Hermit Kingdom" (2014)[URL]
- Cukier, Kenneth Neil, "The Rise of Big Data How It’s Changing the Way We Think About the World", Foreign Affairs, 92, pp.28~40 (2013)
- "UN Security Council Resolutions on North Korea" (2017)[URL]
- "Human Rights Reports" (2015)[URL]
- Dizard, Wilson, "Inventing Public Diplomacy: The Story of the U.S. Information Agency" (2004), Lynne Rienner Publishers
- Elder, Robert E., "Information Machine: The United States Information Agency and American Foreign Policy" (1968), Syracuse University Press
- Eriksson, Johan, "The Information Revolution, Security, and International Relations: (IR)relevant Theory?", International Political Science Review, 27, pp.221~244 (2006)
- Everard, John, "Only Beautiful, Please: A British Diplomat in North Korea" (2012), The Walter H. Shorenstein Asia-Pacific Research Center
- "S. Korea Agrees to End Broadcasts as North Expresses Regret for Provocations" (2015)[URL]
- "U.S. Planning to Press Harder against North Korea on Human Rights" (2015)[URL]
- "Freedom in the World 2017" (2017)[URL]
- "Freedom of the Press 2017: Press Freedom’s Dark Horizon" (2017)[URL]
- "Freedom on the Net 2017: Manipulating Social Media to Undermine Democracy" (2017)[URL]
- "Cybersecurity" (2015)[URL]
- The Power to Coerce: Countering Adversaries Without Going to War, "Gompert, David C.", RAND, ~, pp.RR-1000-A (2016)
- "White House: The Internet May Be a Strategic Liability to the West" (2016)[URL]
- Haggard, Stephan, "North Korea’s Foreign Economic Relations", International Relations of the Asia-Pacific, 8, pp.219~246 (2008)[DOI]
- Haggard, Stephan, "Witness to Transformation: Refugee Insights into North Korea" (2011), Peterson Institute for International Economics
- "In the Nuclear Standoff, Ordinary North Koreans Disappear" (2018)[URL]
- Herman, Edward S., "Manufacturing Consent: The Political Economy of the Mass Media" (1988), Pantheon Books
- "Radio Can Help Kickstart a Revolution, North Koreans Say" (2015)[URL]
- Ballooning Evangelism: Psychological Warfare and Christianity in the Divided Korea, "Jung, Jin-Heon", Max-Planck-Institute for the Study of Religious and Ethnic Diversity, ~, pp.MMG Working Paper 14-07 (2014)
- "N. Korea Retaliates, Broadcasts Propaganda into South"[URL]
- Kello, Lucas, "The Virtual Weapon and International Order" (2017), Yale University Press
- "Seoul Restarts Propaganda Broadcasts to N. Korea over Mines" (2015)[URL]
- "Technology Is Taking Over English Departments The False Promise of the Digital Humanities" (2014)[URL]
- "North Korea Threatens Strikes over S. Korean Propaganda Broadcasts, Denies Role in Mine Blasts" (2015)[URL]
- "Sentiment/Subjectivity Analysis Survey for Languages Other than English" (2016)[URL]
- "Compromising Connectivity: Information Dynamics Between the State and Society in a Digitizing North Korea" (2017)[URL]
- "Changing North Korea" (2009)[URL]
- "The Dramas North Koreans Won’t See Anymore" (2014)[URL]
- Lankov, Andrei, "The Real North Korea: Life and Politics in the Failed Stalinist Utopia" (2013), Oxford University Press
- 11, "Regime Change: U.S. Strategy through the Prism of 9", pp.2007, Litwak, Robert
- McEachern, Patrick, "Inside the Red Box: North Korea’s Post-Totalitarian Politics" (2010), Columbia University Press
- "What Is Sentiment Analysis?" (2018)[URL]
- "Editor’s Choice: Sentiment Analysis Is Opinion Turned into Code" (2015)[URL]
- Myers, B.R., "The Cleanest Race: How North Koreans See Themselves - And Why It Matters" (2010), Melville House
- "Korea: U.S.-Korean Relations — Issues for Congress" (2005)[URL]
- Joseph S. Nye, "Deterrence and Dissuasion in Cyberspace", International Security, 41(3), pp.44~71 (2017), MIT Press - Journals[DOI]
- Nye, Jr., Joseph S., "Soft Power: The Means to Success in World Politics" (2004), Public Affairs
- "Think Again: Soft Power" (2006)[URL]
- "National Security Strategy 2015" (2015)[URL]
- Pang, Bo, "Opinion Mining and Sentiment Analysis", Foundations and Trends in Information Retrieval, 2, pp.1~135 (2008)
- "North, South Korea Reach Agreement to Ease Tensions" (2015)[URL]
- "Breaking Down Democracy: Goals, Strategies, and Methods of Modern Authoritarians" (2017)[URL]
- "Anxious Dictators, Wavering Democracies: Global Freedom under Pressure, FREEDOM IN THE WORLD 2016" (2016)[URL]
- "Freedom in the World 2017 - Populists and Autocrats: The Dual Threat to Global Democracy" (2017)[URL]
- Reardon, Robert, "The Role of Cyberspace in International Relations: A View of the Literature", presented at the 2012 ISA Annual Convention (2012)
- "2017 World Press Freedom Index" (2017)[URL]
- "The Best Strategy for Cyber-Conflict May Not Be a Cyber-Strategy" (2016)[URL]
- "The Digital Disruption: Connectivity and the Diffusion of Power" (2010)[URL]
- "UN Documents for DPRK (North Korea)" (2017)[URL]
- "Inter-Korean Exchanges and Cooperation, Major Statistics in Inter-Korean Relations" (2015)[URL]
- "Inter-Korean Exchanges of People and Goods, Major Statistics in Inter-Korean Relations" (2015)[URL]
- Svetoka, Sanda, "Social Media as a Tool of Hybrid Warfare" (2016), NATO Strategic Communications Centre of Excellence
- Tatham, Steve, "U.S. Governmental Information Operations and Strategic Communications: A Discredited Tool or User Failure? Implications for Future Conflict" (2013), United States Army War College Press
- Taylor, Philip M., "Munitions of the Mind" (2003), Manchester University Press
- Thomas Schelling, "Arms and Influence" (1966), Yale University Press
- "Security Council Condemns Democratic People’s Republic of Korea Nuclear Test, Toughens Sanctions. UNSC Resolution 1874, S/RES/1874" (2009)[URL]
- "Security Council Condemns Nuclear Test by Democratic People’s Republic of Korea. UNSC Resolution 1718, S/RES/1718" (2006)[URL]
- "Security Council Condemns Use of Ballistic Missile Technology in Launch by Democratic People’s Republic of Korea, in Resolution 2087. UNSC Resolution 2087, S/RES/2087" (2013)[URL]
- "Security Council Imposes Fresh Sanctions on Democratic People’s Republic of Korea, Unanimously Adopting Resolution 2270. UNSC Resolution 2270, S/RES/2270" (2016)[URL]
- "Security Council Toughens Sanctions Against Democratic People’s Republic of Korea, Unanimously Adopting Resolution 2371, UNSC Resolution 2371, S/RES/2371" (2017)[URL]
- "International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights" (1966)[URL]
- U.S., Army, "FM 3-13 Inform and Influence Activities" (2013), Headquarters, Department of the Army
- 18–06, "Headquarters, Department of the Army", 2013
- U.S., Joint Staff, "Joint Publication 3-12 (R) Cyberspace Operations", U.S. Joint Chiefs of Staff, ~ (2013)
- U.S., Joint Staff, "Joint Publication 3-13 Information Operations, Joint Publication, 3-13", U.S. Joint Chiefs of Staff, ~ (2014)
- Weedon, Jen, "Information Operations and Facebook", Facebook Inc., ~ (2017)
- "Marines Recall Yeonpyeong Shelling with Anger, New Perspective" (2011)[URL]
- Zwitter, Andrej, "Big Data and International Relations", Ethics and International Affairs, 29, pp.377~389 (2015)
- "軍, 사이버전 교전 규칙 없어…北 공격에 적극 대응 못해" (2015)[URL]
- "김정은이 핵무기보다 두려워하는 것은…대북심리전, 대체 뭐길래" (2015)[URL]
- "北, 휴대전화로 남한 드라마 본 주민 3명 총살" (2015)[URL]
- "北, “伊 해킹팀” 기술로 사이버 공격" (2015)[URL]
