UN Sanctions as an Instrument of Coercive Diplomacy against North Korea
0
조회
0
다운로드
7
인용
0
참고문헌
키워드
초록
North Korea has recently been subject to a greater amount of pressure than ever,but there is a gap between the desired outcome and reality. Hence, this studyaims to examine the effectiveness of the international sanctions on North Koreaand conditions that help coercive measures work successfully. It explores howcoercive diplomacy operates and how well it works, how UNSC resolutions havedeveloped and how compliant UN member states are with those resolutions basedon an examination of country reports submitted to the UN Sanctions Committee. Although the UNSC resolutions carry ascending enforcement power and expandedthe scope of actions and strengthened enforcement measures, there is asymmetryin interest and capacity of UN member states and implementation has beenuneven globally. Hence, this study presents policy implications and suggestionsfor successful sanctions on North Korea.
Abstract
North Korea has recently been subject to a greater amount of pressure than ever,but there is a gap between the desired outcome and reality. Hence, this studyaims to examine the effectiveness of the international sanctions on North Koreaand conditions that help coercive measures work successfully. It explores howcoercive diplomacy operates and how well it works, how UNSC resolutions havedeveloped and how compliant UN member states are with those resolutions basedon an examination of country reports submitted to the UN Sanctions Committee. Although the UNSC resolutions carry ascending enforcement power and expandedthe scope of actions and strengthened enforcement measures, there is asymmetryin interest and capacity of UN member states and implementation has beenuneven globally. Hence, this study presents policy implications and suggestionsfor successful sanctions on North Korea.
참고문헌 (62)
- "U.S. Imposes more Economic Sanctions against North Korea", Dong-A Ilbo, August 1, 2009, ~ (2009)
- Adrian Croft, "EU to Tighten Sanctions on North Korea after Nuclear Test", Reuters, February 15, 2013, ~ (2013)
- Jonathan Manthorpe, "China Imposes Trade, Banking Sanctions on North Korea", Vancouver Sun, May 12, 2013, ~ (2013)
- William Ide, "China Exports to North Korea Fall", Voice of America, July 30, 2013, ~ (2013)
- "North Korea’s Foreign Trade 7. 3 billion Korean won, "North Korea’s Foreign Trade 7.3 billion Korean won", Korea Trade-Investment Promotion Agency News Release, May 22, 2014, ~ (2014)
- Finbarr Bermingham, "Russia Courts North Korea as Putin’s Divorce from West Continues", International Business Times, June 6, 2014, ~ (2014)
- "North Korea’s Sale of Weaponry in 2012", Shin Dong-A 641, 104~107 (2013)
- Paul Burton, "IHD Balance of Trade Report 2014", HIS Jane’s 360, February 27, 2014, ~ (2014)
- Chang-ho Ahn, "North Korea, Last Year’s Arms Sale", JTBC, March 5, 2014, ~ (2014)
- Debalina Ghoshal, "Defying Sanctions, Iran, North Korea Help Syria Build Missiles", Atlantic Sentinel, February 5, 2014, ~ (2014)
- "Final Report of the Panel of Experts submitted pursuant to resolution 2050 (S/2013/337)"[URL]
- "Final Report of the Panel of Experts submitted pursuant to resolution 2094"[URL]
- "NK warns U.S. within range of strategic rockets, nukes", Korea Times, February 27, 2013, ~ (2013)
- "Spokesman for Supreme Command of KPA Clarifies Important Measures to Be Taken by It", KCNA, March 5, 2013, ~ (2013)
- Alexander L. George, "Coercive Diplomacy, "in The Limits of Coercive Diplomacy, 2nd ed., "The Limits of Coercive Diplomacy, 2nd ed" (1994), Westview Press
- Robert J. Art, "National Security Affairs", pp.13~53 (1982), Transaction Books
- Barry Posen, "Military Responses to Refugee Disasters", International Security, 21(1), pp.72~111 (1996)
- Thomas C. Schelling, "Arms and Influence", Yale University Press
- "A Century of Economic Sanctions: A Field Revisited" (2000)[URL]
- Alexander L. George, "Persuasion: Coercive Diplomacy as an Alternative to War" (1991), United States Institute of Peace Press
- Louis Kriesberg, "Constructive Conflicts: From Escalation to Resolution, 2nd edition", pp.102~ (2003), Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc.
- Patrick M. Cronin, "Coercive Economic Statecraft and U.S. National Security", pp.5~6 (2011), CNAS
- Daniel L. Byman, "Kosovo and the Great Air Power Debate", International Security, 24(4), pp.5~38 (2000)
- David Baldwin, "The Power of Positive Sanctions", pp.19~38 (1971), World Politics
- "UNSCR 1718 para. 8 (e)", ~
- "UNSCR 2094 para. 24", ~
- "UNSCR 1784 para. 9", ~
- "UNSCR 1718 para. 8 (f)", ~
- "UNSCR 1874 para. 11", ~
- "UNSCR 1874. para. 12", ~
- "UNSCR 1874. para. 13", ~
- "UNSCR 1874. para. 17", ~
- "UNSCR 1874. para 12;", ~
- "UNSCR 2094 para.17", ~
- "UNSCR 1718 para. 8 (d)", ~
- "UNSCR 1874 para.18", ~
- "UNSCR 1874. para.19", ~
- "UNSCR 2094 para.1", ~
- "UNSCR 2094 para. 13", ~
- "U.S. Sanctions Chief Holds Talks with Seoul Officials", Yonhap News, July 30, 2013, ~ (2013)
- "ASEAN Promotes Streamlining of Business Processes for Faster Cargo Clearance", ASEAN Secretariat News, August 19, 2011, ~ (2011)
- George Tan, "“Regional and National Focus,” 1540 Compass", pp.17~21 (2012), University of Georgia Press
- "UNSCR 2094 para.14;", ~
- "China Imposes Trade, Banking Sanctions on North Korea", Vancouver Sun, May 13, 2013, ~ (2013)
- "Regulations include Council Regulation (EC) No. 329", 2007 of March 27, 2007, 2007
- "Council Regulation No. 117", 2008 of January 28, 2008, 2008
- "Council Regulation No. 389", 2009 of May 12, 2009, 2009
- "Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) No. 370", 2013, 2013
- Tom Phillips, "North Korea Demands End to Sanctions before Talks with U.S.", The Telegraph, April 18, 2013, ~ (2013)
- "Rodong Sinmun Urges US to Give Clear Answer to Just Demand of DPRK", KCNA, April 23, 2013, ~ (2013)
- Kim So Yeol, "US Financial Sanction Aimed to Change the Regime of North Korea", Daily NK, July 26, 2010, ~ (2010)
- "DPRK Policy Department Issues Statement", KCNA, April 18, 2013, ~ (2013)
- Louis Charbonneau, "Analysis: New sanctions on North Korea may be tougher, but impact in doubt", Reuters, March 8, 2013, ~ (2013)
- "New Year Address Made by Kim Jong Un", KCNA, January 1, 2013, ~ (2013)
- "China’s foreign minister says NK sanctions are not a fundamental solution", Hankyoreh, March 11, 2013, ~ (2013)
- "Note verbale dated August 3, 2009 from the Permanent Mission of China to the United Nations addressed to the Committee"[URL]
- Jay Solomon, "U.S. Imposes Sanctions on North Korean Bank", Wall Street Journal (2013)
- Coercive Diplomacy by the EU: The Case of Iran, "Tom Sauer", Netherlands Institute of International Relations, ~ (2006)
- Johan Galtun, "On the Effects of International Economic Sanctions, with Examples from the Case of Rhodesia", World Politics, 19(3), pp.26~48 (1967)
- North Korea Threatens Nuke Attack on U.S. before the UN Slaps the Country with Tough Sanctions, "Corky Siemaszko", New York Daily News, March 7, 2013, ~ (2013)
- Bruce Jentleson, "Coercive Diplomacy: Scope and Limits in the Contemporary World", Policy Analysis Brief, pp.1~12 (2006)
- Ministry of Unification, "Korean Peninsula Trust-Building Process", August 21, ~ (2013)
