朝鲜朝科举策文中的“人才”三重结构及其制度理路
The Tripartite Structure and Institutional Logic of “Talent”in Joseon Civil Examination Chaekmun
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朝鲜朝时期文人在科举策文中构建了一套以“育才—辨才—用才”为核心的系统性人才论述体系, 将人才的得失视为国家政治运行的决定性因素｡ 教育制度被确立为育才之本, 辨才标准则趋向于德才兼备与制度规范的融合｡ 在用才方面, 策文反复强调“进贤退不肖”的制度安排, 凸显其政治理性与治理导向｡ 作为制度化的政治文本, 策文中的人才论述不仅承续了儒家理想人格的价值内核, 更转化为具备操作性的制度语言｡ 士人们通过“人才盛衰”与“政在得人”间的因果关联结构, 表达了对国家治乱逻辑的深刻认知, 彰显出高度的政治整合意识与历史使命感｡ 这种以人才为枢纽的治理话语, 成为知识阶层应对现实危机、重申秩序正当性的关键思想资源｡
Abstract
During the Joseon dynasty, the scholar-officials constructed a systematic discourse on human resources within the framework of civil examination chaekmun, centering on a tripartite structure of “nurturing talent, discerning talent, and employing talent.” Talent was perceived as a decisive variable in the functioning of state governance. Educational institutions were established as the foundation of talent cultivation, while standards of talent discernment gradually evolved toward a fusion of moral integrity and institutional norms. In terms of employment, the essays repeatedly emphasized the institutional principle of “promoting the virtuous and dismissing the unworthy,” underscoring a strong sense of political rationality and governance orientation. As a formalized political text, the chaekmun not only inherited the ethical core of the Confucian ideal personality but also transformed it into an operational institutional language. Through a causal framework linking “the rise and fall of talent” with “the success or failure of governance,” scholar-officials articulated a deep understanding of the logic behind national order and disorder, demonstrating a high degree of political integration and historical consciousness. This governance discourse, centered on talent, served as a crucial intellectual resource for the ruling elite to address contemporary crises and reaffirm the legitimacy of political order.