마이클 오크숏의 법의 지배 이론과 그 헌정구조적 함의 ―하이에크와의 비교를 포함하여―
Michael Oakeshott's Theory of the Rule of Law and Its Constitutional Implication ―Including a Comparison with Hayek―
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이 글의 목적은 20세기 영국을 대표하는 정치철학자 마이클 오크숏의 법의 지배 이론을 분석하고 그 헌정구조적 함의를 도출해봄으로써 오크숏의 사상에 대한 이해를 심화시키는데 있다. 법의 지배에 관한 오크숏의 이론은 일생에 걸친 오크숏의 정치적 사유가 집대성된 『인간행위론』(1975)에서 펼쳐진 시민결사(civil association) 이론의 핵심적 일부를 구성하고 있다. 그런 만큼 오크숏 정치이론의 최종적 단계를 표현하는 법의 지배 이론에 대한 고찰은 그의 정치사상 전체를 온전히 이해하는 데 반드시 필요하다. 더구나 오크숏의 법의 지배 이론은 법 개념을 둘러싼 현대의 중요한 법철학적 논쟁―법실증주의 대 자연법주의 사이의 논쟁―에 대해 제3의 독자적인 견해를 제시해주고 있어서 주목할 가치가 있다. 그뿐 아니라, 고도의 이론적 분화와 전문화 추세 속에서 각자의 길을 걷고 있는 현대의 정치철학과 법철학이 간과해왔던 접점지역―정치와 법의 지배가 만나는 지점―을 체계적으로 조명해주기 때문에, 민주주의와 헌정주의의 상호관계에 관한 논쟁에 개입해 들어갈 수 있는 이론적 발판을 제공해주기도 한다. 이와 같은 문제의식 하에 이 글에서는 오크숏의 시민결사 이론을 배경으로 그의 법의 지배 이론을 고찰해봄으로써 그의 법 개념이 갖고 있는 독특성과 그 헌정주의적 함의를 밝혀보고자 한다. 그리고 결론으로 그의 법 개념은 법실증주의와 자연법주의를 변증법적으로 통합한 제 3의 개념이라는 것과, 그 법 개념은 시민결사 이론의 심의민주주의적 성격과 결합하여 심의민주주의적 헌정주의 형태를 지향하고 있다는 것을 주장할 것이다.
Abstract
The purpose of this paper is to analyze the theory of the rule of law of Michael Oakeshott who has been definitely considered to be the most important British (political) philosopher of the 20th century, and try to illuminate its constitutional implication, with a view to deepening the understanding of his political thought. The rule of law forms a central part of his theory of civil association which has been fully developed in his later years' masterpiece On Human Conduct(1975), and accordingly is very essential in understanding his political thought as a whole. Moreover, Oakeshott's theory of the rule of law is of great value in searching for the third way of approaching the long standing confrontation between positivist conception of law and natural law conception. It also might give valuable clues for newly understanding the relationship between constitutionalism and democracy, which has been becoming one of the most important issue in both contemporary political and legal philosophy, especially in their overlapped area. It is concluded that his concept of law can be understood as a dialectical synthesis between positivist conception of law and natural law conception, and it suggest a kind of deliberative democratic constitutionalism, together with his theory of civil association, which awaits to be more fully elaborated.
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