성장지향 도시 미국 휴스턴의 발전과 모순
Pro-Growth City Houston, Texas - Development and Contradiction -
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초록
휴스턴시는 미국에서 네 번째 큰 도시로 항구 그리고 석유자원을 기반으로 지속적인 성장을 이루어왔다. 이러한 성장의 배경에는 입지, 자원, 연방정부의 지원에 더하여 기업과 자본 중심으로 정부간섭을 최소화하는 자유방임 성장지향 정책이 자리 잡고 있다. 1980년대 유가 하락 위기 이후 휴스턴시는 도시경제를 다변화 시키고자 노력하는데, 의료기관의 성장은 지역 내 노력의 예외적 성과로 평가할 수 있으며 첨단산업과 전문서비스 유치를 위한 삶의 질을 강조하며 환경오염 저감을 포함한 도시재개발을 추진하였다. 이 시기는 또한 이민자 유입시기와도 일치하며 인종·민족집단 다양성을 강조하였다. 그러나 휴스턴시는 전국 평균보다 소득수준은 높음에도 빈곤층은 훨씬 높은 비중을 보이며 환경오염이 심각한 동쪽지역에 공장과 혼재하여 집중하고 있으며, 문화 다양성을 강조하지만 실제로는 재개발로 인종·민족집단을 배척하는 모습은 오랜 성장지향의 도시 정책이 오늘날까지도 지속되는 보수적 도시 성격을 반영한다.
Abstract
Houston became the fourth largest city in the US since the 1930s. The growth has been possible based on the inland port location and the petroleum in and around the Houston area. Also important is that the minimal government and the pro-growth agenda from the free enterprise business coalition represent Houston utmost. Since the oil price drop during the 1980s, Houston puts effort to diversify economies into professional services and high-tech industries. The period is coincident with the influx of immigrants from Latin America and Asia. The growth agenda has set quality of life and ethnic diversity to attract businesses for continuing growth. While the development of medical center and space center are well praised, the higher than the national average poverty level, in particular the blacks and other minority groups and the national top income segregation are gloomy indicators. In fact, the redevelopment of downtown area has erased the old mother-ward of blacks Freedmen’s Town, old Chinatown and Little Saigon. Furthermore, many of the redevelopment proceeded with the support of public finance reveals that the pro-growth agenda has been good only for the haves at the cost of the have-nots in Houston.
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