본문 바로가기
KERD
논문KCI 등재

Pre-clusterization and Competitiveness: An Exploratory Study of Korean Small and Middle-sized Enterprises in China

노수연|곽주영|장련
한국국제통상학회 (The Korean Association of Trade and Industry Studies)|2013.03|국제통상연구 (Journal of International Trade and Industry Studies)|제18권 제1호|pp. 107-144

1

조회

0

다운로드

8

인용

0

참고문헌

키워드

중국China중소기업경쟁력동반진출외국인직접투자foreign direct investmentcompetitivenessPre-clusterization entrysmall and middle-sized enterprises
주제분류무역학

초록

Pre-clusterization entry is an ad hoc entry strategy in which competitive suppliers enter a foreign market together with a core firm. Despite its short history and lack of attention in the literature, this entry strategy is commonly observed in the Japanese Keiretsu and the Korean Chaebol. Pre-clusterization entry offers several benefits: rapid internationalization, maintenance of technological leadership, and pre-emption of valuable resources. Due to the benefits of this strategy,Korean Chaebols have favored pre-clusterization entry since it first actively emerged in the Chinese market in the early 2000s. Pre-clustered Korean small and middle-sized enterprises (SMEs) are unique in terms of their inter-firm relationships. They are controlled by the headquarters in Korea, but are more affected in practical ways by their core customer in China. These relational characteristics may pose disadvantages if conflicts arise between the headquarters and the core customer, or the core customer becomes unprofitable. Given this background, the pre-clusterization entry strategy may have implications for competitiveness of the firms involved. In this study, four firms were selected for which this strategy was used. These firms were situated in Jiangsu Province, which is a preferred location for Korean Chaebols in the automobile or electronics sectors. Our findings suggest that while the pre-clusterization strategy may have several benefits, the competitiveness of the Korean SMEs involved in this strategy may be negatively affected. First, when conflicts arise between headquarters and the core customer, the decision-making process may take longer, and managerial efficiency may therefore be compromised. Second, dependence on the core customertends to prevent SMEs from building R&D and marketing capabilities. Third, since the profits of pre-clustered SMEs are tied up with performance of the core customer, SMEs that hope to diversify and enlarge their customer base may find this difficult because of asset specificity in their fixed investments or concerns of technology leakage. Finally, as Chinese suppliers improve in terms of technological capability and the Chinese government pushes localization, the core customers may consider changing suppliers, becoming networked with Chinese suppliers, which then replace the pre-clustered Korean SMEs. Under these conditions,pre-clusterization fails to confer relational benefits.

Abstract

Pre-clusterization entry is an ad hoc entry strategy in which competitive suppliers enter a foreign market together with a core firm. Despite its short history and lack of attention in the literature, this entry strategy is commonly observed in the Japanese Keiretsu and the Korean Chaebol. Pre-clusterization entry offers several benefits: rapid internationalization, maintenance of technological leadership, and pre-emption of valuable resources. Due to the benefits of this strategy,Korean Chaebols have favored pre-clusterization entry since it first actively emerged in the Chinese market in the early 2000s. Pre-clustered Korean small and middle-sized enterprises (SMEs) are unique in terms of their inter-firm relationships. They are controlled by the headquarters in Korea, but are more affected in practical ways by their core customer in China. These relational characteristics may pose disadvantages if conflicts arise between the headquarters and the core customer, or the core customer becomes unprofitable. Given this background, the pre-clusterization entry strategy may have implications for competitiveness of the firms involved. In this study, four firms were selected for which this strategy was used. These firms were situated in Jiangsu Province, which is a preferred location for Korean Chaebols in the automobile or electronics sectors. Our findings suggest that while the pre-clusterization strategy may have several benefits, the competitiveness of the Korean SMEs involved in this strategy may be negatively affected. First, when conflicts arise between headquarters and the core customer, the decision-making process may take longer, and managerial efficiency may therefore be compromised. Second, dependence on the core customertends to prevent SMEs from building R&D and marketing capabilities. Third, since the profits of pre-clustered SMEs are tied up with performance of the core customer, SMEs that hope to diversify and enlarge their customer base may find this difficult because of asset specificity in their fixed investments or concerns of technology leakage. Finally, as Chinese suppliers improve in terms of technological capability and the Chinese government pushes localization, the core customers may consider changing suppliers, becoming networked with Chinese suppliers, which then replace the pre-clustered Korean SMEs. Under these conditions,pre-clusterization fails to confer relational benefits.

참고문헌 (56)

  1. Ahn, J. S., "A case study on the localization activities of Korean firms in China", International Business Review, 6(2), pp.39~57 (2002)
  2. Anderson, A., "Modes of foreign entry: A transaction cost analysis and propositions", Journal of International Business Studies, 17(3), pp.1~26 (1986)
  3. 백은영, "중국 투자환경 개선방안에 관한 실증연구 : 우리나라의 현지 중소 제조기업을 중심으로", 국제통상연구, 15(3), pp.73~101 (2010), 한국국제통상학회
  4. Caves, R. E., "Multinational firms, competition and productivity in host country markets", Economica, 41(162), pp.176~193 (1974)
  5. Chang, S. J, "Types of firms generating network externalities and MNCs' co-location decisions", Strategic Management Journal, 26(7), pp.595~615 (2005)
  6. Chen, T. J., "Creating competitive advantages out of market imperfections: Taiwanese firms in China", Asian Business and Management, 1(1), pp.79~99 (2002)
  7. Chen, T. J., "Foreign direct investment and local linkages", Journal of International Business Studies, 35(4), pp.320~333 (2004)
  8. China Statistical Bureau, "China Economy Census Yearbook (Zhongguo Jingjipucha Nianjian)" (2008), China Statistical Press
  9. China Statistical Bureau, "China Statistical Yearbook (Zhongguo Tongji Nianjian)" (2010), China Statistical Press
  10. Delios, A., "Japanese firms’investment strategies in emerging economies", Academy of Management Journal, 43(3), pp.305~323 (2000)
  11. Dunning, J. H., "Explaining International Production" (1988), Harper Collins
  12. Ghauri, P, "Research Methods in Business" (2010), Prentice Hall
  13. Guangdong Statistical Bureau, "Guangdong Statistical Yearbook (Guangdong Tongji Nianjian)" (2010), China Statistical Press
  14. Han, B. S., "The location choice of Korean investments in China:Agglomeration effects and firm heterogeneity", International Business Review, 11(2), pp.1~21 (2007)
  15. 한정화, "중국진출 한국 중소기업의 경영성과 결정요인에 관한 연구 - 동태적 역량관점을 중심으로 -", 국제경영연구, 17(4), pp.105~126 (2006), 한국국제경영학회
  16. 한정화, "한국중소기업의 중국 투자성과차이 결정요인에 대한 연구", 중소기업연구, 28(1), pp.141~172 (2006), 한국중소기업학회
  17. Hatani, F., "Pre-clusterization in emerging markets: the Toyota group's entry process in China", Asia Pacific Business Review, 15(3), pp.369~387 (2009)
  18. Hong, Y, "Changes in China’s Business Environments and the Responses Suggested for Small and Medium-sized Corporate Investors" (2008), Korea Small Business Institute
  19. Isobe, T., "Resource commitment, entry timing, and market performance of foreign direct investments in emerging economies: The case of Japanese international joint ventures in China", Academy of Management Journal, 43(3), pp.468~484 (2000)
  20. Ito, T., "The Rise of China and Structural Changes in Korea and Asia" (2010), Edward Elgar Publishing
  21. Jiangsu Statistical Bureau, "Jiangsu Statistical Yearbook (Jiangsu Tongji Nianjian)" (2010), China Statistical Press
  22. Johnston, S., "Subsidiary size and the level of subsidiary autonomy in multinational corporations: A quadratic investigation of Australian subsidiaries", Journal of International Business Studies, 38(5), pp.787~801 (2007)
  23. Jung, S. H., "The Global–Local Interplay: Korean Foreign Direct Investment in the European Union", 박사, pp.2000
  24. Kerin, R., "First mover advantages: A synthesis, conceptual framework, and research propositions", Journal of Marketing, 56(4), pp.33~52 (1992)
  25. Kim, K., "Determinants of performance of foreign direct investments in China by Korea small-medium firms", Journal of Business Research, 15(2), pp.207~227 (2000)
  26. The Current Foreign Direct Investments by Small and Medium-sized Enterprises and the Implications, "Kim, Y.", The Export-Import Bank of Korea, ~, pp.Issue Briefing (2011-02) (2011)
  27. Kogut, B., "Foreign direct investment as a sequential process, In The Multinational Corporation in the 1980s" (1983), MIT Press
  30. Lee, H., "Sequential internationalization of the small and middle-sized enterprises from newly industrializing countries", Asian Business and Management, 12(1) (2013)
  31. Lee, I., "Determinants of competitiveness in investments into China by small and medium-sized enterprises", Journal of Industry Management, 29(5), pp.175~187 (2006)
  32. Lee, J. W., "The role of networking and commitment in foreign market entry process: Multinational corporations in the Chinese automobile industry", International Business Review, 21(1), pp.1~21 (2012)
  33. Lee, K, "The capability of Samsung group in project execution and vertical integration: Created in Korea, replicated in China", Asian Business and Management, 8(3), pp.277~299 (2009)
  34. Lee, K., "Places for Korean firms in China: Looking for a viable international division of labor in 1990–2010", Journal of the Asia Pacific Economy, 17(1), pp.4~21 (2012)
  35. 이승철, "해외직접투자 기업의 네트워크와 착근성 : 대중국 한국섬유·의류 투자 중소기업 사례 연구", 국토지리학회지, 44(4), pp.623~634 (2010), 국토지리학회
  36. 이영주, "중국 투자 중소기업의 외국비용 실증연구", 국제경영연구, 19(1), pp.1~28 (2008), 한국국제경영학회
  37. Luo, Y., "Market-seeking MNEs in an emerging market: How parent-subsidiary links shape overseas success", Journal of International Business Studies, 34(3), pp.290~309 (2003)
  38. Luo, Y, "First mover advantages in investing in transitional economies", Thunderbird International Business Review, 40(2), pp.141~163 (1998)
  39. Mudambi, R., "Global innovation at MNCs:The effects of subsidiary self-determination and teamwork", Journal of Product Innovation Management, 24(5), pp.442~455 (2007)
  40. No, S., "Small and Medium-sized Enterprises in Zhejiang Province and their Management Problems and Prospects", Provincial Economic Trends in China, 2(20) (2011), Korean Institute for International Economic Policy
  41. A Case Study on the Korean Small and Medium-sized Manufacturers in Jiangsu Province, China, "No, S", Korea Institute of International Economic Policy, ~, pp.Policy References 11-18 (2011)
  42. Nohria, N., "The Differentiated Network: Organizing Multinational Corporations for Value Creation" (1997), Jossey-Bass
  43. Park, B, "Comparative analysis of foreign direct investment in China", Journal of the Asia Pacific Economy, 13(1), pp.57~84 (2003)
  44. Persaud, A., "Enhancing synergistic innovative capability in multinational corporations: An empirical investigation", Journal of Product Innovation Management, 22(5), pp.412~429 (2005)
  45. Ramamurti, R., "The obsolescing ‘bargaining model’? MNC-host developing country relations revisited", Journal of International Business Studies, 32(1), pp.23~39 (2001)
  46. Rugman, A., "Canadian perspective on U.S. administered protection and the free trade agreement", Maine Law Review, 40, pp.305~324 (1988)
  47. Shandong Statistical Bureau, "Shandong Statistical Yearbook (Shandong Tongji Nianjian)" (2010), China Statistical Press
  48. Song, J. H., "A study on the investment decision: Making factors and environmental factors influencing Korean medium and small enterprises`s business performance Investing in China", Small Business Studies, 24(2), pp.211~235 (2002)
  49. Sung, Y. M., "A study on the localization strategy and determinants of performance by Korean small and medium firms in China", International Business Review, 11(3), pp.21~46 (2007)
  50. United Nations Conference on Trade and Development, "World Investment Report", United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (2011)
  51. Wilkinson, T., "The diminishing effect of cultural distance on subsidiary control", Journal opf International Management, 14(2), pp.93~107 (2008)
  52. Williamson, O., "The Economic Institutions of Capitalism: Firms, Markets, and Relational Contracting" (1985), Free Press
  53. Williamson, O., "Vertical integration and related variations on a transaction cost economics theme, In New Developments in the Analysis of Market Structure", pp.149~174 (1986)
  54. Yin, R. K., "Case Study Research: Design and Methods" (2008), Sage Publications
  55. 이정열, "탐색과 개발적 조직학습을 통한 지식축적이 중국자회사 성과에 미치는 영향", 한국조직학회보, 5(1), pp.55~81 (2008), 한국조직학회
  56. Zaheer, S., "Overcoming the liability of foreignness", Academy of Management Journal, 38(2), pp.341~363 (1995)

관련 논문AI추천

Intragroup Resource Sharing of Business group in Korea: The Effects on the Internationalization of Group-affiliated companies김기현, 이영우한국지식경영학회 · 지식경영연구2018 · 제19권 제3호A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF MARKET ENTRY MODE OF SOUTH KOREAN FIRMS IN CHINA AND VIETNAMGil-Sung Kim, Hoon Park사람과세계경영학회 · Global Business and Finance Review2007 · 제12권 제1호한국 자동차 부품업체 중국 현지법인의 전략적 역할 유형 구분김경태, 오중산, 이승규한국생산관리학회 · 한국생산관리학회지2011 · 제22권 제1호중소기업의 해외동반진출이 성과에 미치는 영향: 한국자동차 부품 산업을 중심으로강지원, 강지훈, 최순규한국국제경영학회 · 국제경영연구2019 · 제30권 제2호Foreign Market Uncertainty, Entry Timing and Firm Performance: The Moderating Effects of Firm Resources and Entry Mode김석수, 박서연, 조성제한국국제경영학회 · 국제경영연구2012 · 제23권 제1호The Effects of Korean Firm-Specific Advantages on Foreign Subsidiary Performance: Moderating Effects of Host-location and Korean Chaebols강효정, 박영렬, 송윤아한국국제경영학회 · 국제경영연구2010 · 제21권 제4호

이 간행물의 다른 논문 (4건)

韓·美FTA의 動態的效果가 東北亞國家들에 미치는 影響 硏究성한경pp. 1-24한·ASEAN FTA의 수출 성과 분석장용준, 김한성, 조미진pp. 25-55한국의 환경기술효율성 분석 : OECD 국가와의 비교오근엽, 유진만pp. 57-82베트남 진출 외국 기업의 CSR 활동이 국가이미지에 미치는 영향김언정, 한충민, 김상묵pp. 83-105
원문 보기