秦 · 漢初 出土資料에 반영된 ‘士’․‘吏’의 性格― 游士에서 儒士로의 변천과정을 중심으로

Abstract

The tradition of the Elite was called Youshi(遊士) in Pre- Qin Dynasty and the Literati after Qin and Han Dynasty. The function and the influence of the Elite was very complicate and can not to be explain on a viewpoint until ancient times. Nevertheless the Elite was the subject of create and the heir of politics, culture and idea each times. I know that it is difficult to inquire diachronic features of the Elite in Chinese history. So I analyze a character of the Elite through the Shuihudi Qin bamboo slips (睡虎地秦簡)and the To Yuelu Academy Tibertan Qin bamboo slips (嶽麓書院藏秦簡)as recent materials. Although Yushi took part in political action after Spring and Autumn,Warring States, they neglected the main value of the Elite, which set on Dao(道). According to social changes, Yushi who had a learning or an ability want to be the government official. But a ruler intended to have power over them. These reflect changing a character of the Elite from Yushi of the world to a retainer of a ruler. As result a character of the Elite have changed into the government official, who was directly subject to a ruler. Changing a character of the Elite appeared a classification of 'a good Minor official' and 'a bad Minor official' in Written word(「語書」), the Shuihudi Qin bamboo slips, after the united empire. But the Minor official was required of Confucian virtue which was Dao to be the Minor official and to rule over officials in the Shuihudi Qin bamboo slips and the To Yuelu Academy Tibertan Qin bamboo slips. Therefore Confucian the Elite can to be discovered in these materials from Qin to emperor Wen(文帝) and Wu(武帝) of Han. Confucianism have established the idea of centralization after Han. The Elite have lost the character of Yushi in Spring and Autumn, Warring States. And then they put to be a number of autocracy in the center emperor. For this reason Ban Gu(班固) mentioned that emperor Wu throw away thought of the Hundred Schools, and then he was enshrined in Six Confucian, Classic of Changes,Classic of Odes, Classic of Documents, Spring and Autumn Annals, Records of Ritual, Records of Music, Which means an emergency of the Literati and the fall of Yushi until Warring States.