The Changing Characteristics of the Shi in Ancient China and Their Significance
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In Chinese history the shi class has been conventionally understood as a cultured group who combined government service and intellectual pursuits. Yet, it should be noted that the shi class underwent a process of historical evolution before acquiring these characteristics. This study explores the changing nature of the shi class in ancient China, focusing on their characteristics during the Qin and early Han empires by using the Shuihudi Qinjian (Qin strips of Shuihudi) and the Yuelu shuyuan cang Qinjian (Qin strips stored at the Yuelu Academy), published in 1975 and 2011 respectively. Previous studies before the discovery of these excavated documents stressed the military and Legalist characteristics of the contemporary shi class Yet the analysis of these new materials demonstrates that in addition to Legalist skills, members of the shi class were required to internalize Confucian and Taoist virtues. The new qualifications required of the officials under the Qin legalist government are well defined in the "Yushu" (Letter) of the Shuihudi Qinjian, which distinguished "good officials" (liangli) from "evil officials" (eli ) on the basis of their service to the centralized, unified state. Still, recently published documents such as the "Weilizhidao" (The Way of the official) of the Shuihudi Qinjian, and the "Weilizhiguanjigianshou" (Official governing office and commoners) included in the Yuelu shuyuan zang Qinjian reveal more eclectic selection criteria for officials, who also had to be well versed in Confucian ideals of government.
Abstract
In Chinese history the shi class has been conventionally understood as a cultured group who combined government service and intellectual pursuits. Yet, it should be noted that the shi class underwent a process of historical evolution before acquiring these characteristics. This study explores the changing nature of the shi class in ancient China, focusing on their characteristics during the Qin and early Han empires by using the Shuihudi Qinjian (Qin strips of Shuihudi) and the Yuelu shuyuan cang Qinjian (Qin strips stored at the Yuelu Academy), published in 1975 and 2011 respectively. Previous studies before the discovery of these excavated documents stressed the military and Legalist characteristics of the contemporary shi class Yet the analysis of these new materials demonstrates that in addition to Legalist skills, members of the shi class were required to internalize Confucian and Taoist virtues. The new qualifications required of the officials under the Qin legalist government are well defined in the "Yushu" (Letter) of the Shuihudi Qinjian, which distinguished "good officials" (liangli) from "evil officials" (eli ) on the basis of their service to the centralized, unified state. Still, recently published documents such as the "Weilizhidao" (The Way of the official) of the Shuihudi Qinjian, and the "Weilizhiguanjigianshou" (Official governing office and commoners) included in the Yuelu shuyuan zang Qinjian reveal more eclectic selection criteria for officials, who also had to be well versed in Confucian ideals of government.
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