흑인 버스커 빌리 워터스에 대하여 -장애, 인종, 계급의 교차를 성찰하기
Black Busker Billy Waters :Intersectionality of Disability, Race, and Class
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본 논문에서는 ‘장애인’이라는 개념조차 명확히 등장하지 않았던 19세기로 거슬러 올라가 경계짓기의 현장에 놓여 있었던 한 인물에 주목했다. 빌리 워터스(Billy Waters, 1778-1823)는 낙인과 경계를 넘나들며 장애의 삶을 꾸려갔던 역사 속 인물 가운데 한 사람이다. 워터스는 아메리카 식민지 플랜테이션에서 노예로 태어났다. 미국독립전쟁 시기를 전후로 해서 영국 해군은 전후 해방을 조건으로 흑인 노예를 병사로 동원했다. 이들을 ‘블랙 로열리스트(Black Loyalist)’라고 불렸는데, 워터스도 이런 흑인 해방 노예 병사 중 한 사람이었다. 해군 복무 중 사고로 한쪽 다리를 잃고 상이군인으로 제대한 그는 런던으로 건너왔다. 깃털 달린 특이한 모자를 쓰고 바이올린을 켜며 버스킹을 하고, 웨스트엔드의 아델피 극장 앞에서 구걸하던 그는 ‘거지왕(Beggar King)’이란 별명으로 불렸다. 워터스는 ‘흑인’이자 ‘장애인’이었다. 이 논문에서는 인종과 장애를 단지 비유로서가 아니라 교차하는 관계로 보는 관점에 서서 구술 없는 시대의 장애사를 분석했다. 워터스에 대한 기록은 파편처럼 흩어져 있다. 문헌 사료로는 런던 빈민에 관한 기록과 흑인 수병에 관한 기록 속에 몇 줄 존재할 뿐이다. 그러나 사료의 범위를 이미지 재현과 물질문화로 넓히면 워터스의 흔적은 여럿 찾아볼 수 있다. 빅토리아앤앨버트박물관(Victoria & Albert Museum)에는 도자기 인형이 여러 점 수집되어 있고, 판화와 초상화도 남아있고, 당대 유명 삽화가 조지 크뤽생크(George Cruikshank)의 풍자화에도 등장하며, 화가 데이비드 윌키(David Wilkie)의 초상화도 남아 있다. 이 논문에서는 파편화된 자료들을 역사적 맥락에 비춰 면밀히 읽으며, 인종적 소수자이자 빈민이자 장애인으로 인종, 계급, 장애가 삼중으로 교차하는 워터스의 생애를 복원하고, 그의 경계넘기와 당시 영국 사회의 경계 짓기에 대해 살펴보았다.
Abstract
This paper explores the life of Billy Waters, black busker in the early nineteenth century London and the intersectionality of disability, race, class. Waters was a disabled black man who managed to live crossing border and stigma. He was born as a slave in America in 1778. Britain mobilized slave soldiers and sailors during the era of the American Revolution. They were emancipated and called the ‘Black Loyalists.’ Waters was one of them. He had been wounded during his service as a sailor in the Ganymede in 1812. Billy Waters, the peg-leg fiddler who busked outside the Adelphi Theatre in Georgian London was able to supplement his earnings with a military pension. He was called ‘Beggar King’ when he died in 1823. This paper analyses intersectionality of disability, race, and class. Race, disability, and class should be viewed not from analogy but from intersectionality. Little documents and materials on Billy Waters were left. However Waters was represented in broadsheets, illustrations, paintings, and Staffordshire Figures.
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