Linguistic Hegemony and Federal Contestation: Hindi Promotion, Hindutva, and Regional Resistance in Modi's India
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This study critically examines the intensification of language-related conflicts in present-day India, with particular attention to the Modi administration’s policies aimed at promoting Hindi and the resultant opposition, especially from states in southern India. Utilizing a theoretical perspective that incorporates concepts of linguistic nationalism, Hindutva ideology, and the complexities of Indian federalism, the research contends that the government’s proactive support for Hindi constitutes a calculated pursuit of its broader cultural nationalist ambitions. These initiatives are implemented through various administrative, educational, and technological measures designed to foster a more unified national identity. Nevertheless, this drive toward linguistic centralization has provoked friction with the deeply rooted linguistic identities in non-Hindi-speaking states and is at odds with the foundational principles of India’s federal system. The paper explores the diverse forms of resistance evident in non-Hindi speaking states in South India, anchored in long-standing traditions of anti-Hindi protest and the assertion of regional autonomy. The findings underscore that language policy remains a deeply contested domain in India, reflecting enduring tensions between aspirations for national unification and the preservation of cultural and linguistic diversity within its federal structure.
Abstract
This study critically examines the intensification of language-related conflicts in present-day India, with particular attention to the Modi administration’s policies aimed at promoting Hindi and the resultant opposition, especially from states in southern India. Utilizing a theoretical perspective that incorporates concepts of linguistic nationalism, Hindutva ideology, and the complexities of Indian federalism, the research contends that the government’s proactive support for Hindi constitutes a calculated pursuit of its broader cultural nationalist ambitions. These initiatives are implemented through various administrative, educational, and technological measures designed to foster a more unified national identity. Nevertheless, this drive toward linguistic centralization has provoked friction with the deeply rooted linguistic identities in non-Hindi-speaking states and is at odds with the foundational principles of India’s federal system. The paper explores the diverse forms of resistance evident in non-Hindi speaking states in South India, anchored in long-standing traditions of anti-Hindi protest and the assertion of regional autonomy. The findings underscore that language policy remains a deeply contested domain in India, reflecting enduring tensions between aspirations for national unification and the preservation of cultural and linguistic diversity within its federal structure.