경기지역 3~5세기대 묘제환경의 검토

Abstract

This paper examines tombs and their development in the Gyeonggi Province between 3rd and 5th centuries. After an overview of the concept of tombs and their historical context, burial data were collected and examined from 57 sites to understand the types and characteristics of burial customs. First, the importance of burial systems were discussed to understand the burial systems of Mahan and Baekje. Then, attention was paid to understand the predominant form of tombs in the Gyeonggi Province between 3rd and 5th centuries: Togwangmyo (wooden coffin tomb) and Bungumyo (tomb with tumulus). Togwangmyo (wooden coffin tomb) was further classified into Bongtomyo (tomb covered with mound), Jugu–togwangmyo (pit tomb with an encircling ditch), Bungumyo (tomb with tumulus), and Gwangwak–togwangmyo (coffin pit tomb). Seokchukmyo (stone tomb) was further classified into Jeokseokmyo (stone-pile tomb), Seoksilmyo (stone-chamber tomb), and Seokgwakmyo (stone-lined tomb). Additionally, there is Onggwanmyo (jar burial). Data show that each burial custom is associated with a unique temporal and spatial distribution patterns. Jugu–togwangmyo and Bungumyo increased since approximately the 3rd century, becoming the main burial custom by the beginning of the 4th century. Afterwards, there is an increasing diversification of burial customs such as Gwangwak–togwangmyo, Seoksilmyo, and Seokgwakmyo. Each burial custom has a regional distribution pattern: in the Hansung prefecture, the then capital of Baekje and hence the center of the Gyeonggi Province, the traditional burial custom is Bongtomyo which continues to be so for a very long time, before getting replaced by Seoksilmyo customs. The southern regions practiced the customs of Jugu-togwangmyo and the western regions Bungumyo. It was also found that Gwangwak–togwangmyo and Seoksilmyo customs spread with the progress of time. The burial traditions between the 3rd and 5th centuries in the Gyeonggi Province developed as follows: from the 1st to the 3rd century during the period of the Three Han states, Bongtomyo was practiced in Mahan; around the 3rd century, Jugu-togwangmyo appears, and as a result of the influence of Jugu–togwangmyo’s Gochong-gobun (ancient mounds and tumuli) traditions, Bungumyo developed, situating itself as the indigenous burial custom in each region. Gwangwak–togwangmyo and Seokchukmyo appeared in the 4th century, but these customs were sporadically distributed in the central and southern regions. In the mid to late 4th century, Seoksilmyo customs emerged in Hansung, the capital of Baekje, which had originally retained the traditional Mahan burial customs as the region’s main burial custom. However, the spread of Seoksilmyo customs to surrounding regions can be understood as a phenomenon resulting from the political and societal changes of that period.