뱅갈로르 지역혁신체제의 진화와 정책 과제
A study on the evolution of Bangalore’s regional innovation system and policy issues
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초록
개도국의 산업클러스터들은 대개 동일 산업 내 기업들의 단순한 지역적 집적에 불과하고, 지역화된 상호작용 학습은 거의 이루어지지 않는다. 그러나 일부 성공한 개도국 산업클러스터는 혁신지원조직의 지원을 받으면서 세계적 가치 사슬 상의 특화허브로 성장하였다. 이들을 발생 단계에 있는 RIS로 이해하여 ‘신생 RIS’라고 개념화할 수 있다. 인도의 뱅갈로르는 이런 조건에 부합하는 가장 성공적인 신생 RIS라고 할 수 있다. 뱅갈로르 RIS는 초기에 중앙정부에 의해 많은 연구 및 교육기관이 설치된 것을 계기로 기업을 유인하고 고급인력을 배출함으로써 RIS의 기반을 구축했으며, 이를 바탕으로 IT서비스의 수출 및 초국적기업 유치에 성공함으로써 신생 RIS로 도약하였다. 그러나 여전히 뱅갈로르 RIS에서는 혁신 주체들간의 상호작용 학습의 부진, 지역내 중소기업의 역량 부족 등의 한계가 있어서 성숙 RIS로 발전하지 못하고 있다. 신생 RIS의 성숙을 위해서는 중앙 및 지역정부의 정책적 노력이 필요하다. 여기에는 토착 주소기업간의 수직적 및 수평적 협력을 촉진하기 위한 정책, 지식 공급자들과 중소기업 사이의 협력을 촉진하는 정책, 공공조달을 수단으로 하여 지역기업의 실험과 혁신을 자극하는 정책 등이 포함된다.
Abstract
This study suggests that RIS policy needs to be modified and more sensible to evolutionary aspects of RIS and that these aspects need to be understood in a global value-chain context. Generally in the initial phase market-based industrial policy schemes prove to be more efficient than assumed by RIS theorists. However, in the second phase reliance on markets seems less convincing as market imperfections constrain collaboration between TNCs and indigenous SMEs. Thus the need to upgrade the human capital emerges, and government public procurement policies become central for compensating for market imperfections and lack of localized lead customers, and for interactive learning. The policies should emphasize and redevelop the areas within which the regions hold specialization advantages in global competition. The Bangalore case reveals the dynamic nature of the RIS. It highlights the need to adopt a flexible and accommodative policy that takes into account the changes in the needs of the indigenous firms, the endowments of the RIS and the international networks and places them in a dynamic global context. The RIS approach allows policy makers to find out the systemic problems of the RIS where policy interventions are most urgently needed. Unless there is a clear investment in the systemic propensities of the RIS, the possibilities for the indigenous SMEs to upgrade are seriously limited.
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