Three Waves of (Ethnic) Party Evolution in Nepal
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The number of political parties has increased six times in Nepal from 1990 to 2013. Twenty political parties participated in 1991 general election, whereas the number of political parties participating in election increased to one hundred and twenty in 2013 constituent assembly election. Mostly those newly formed political parties in this period are based on ethnic or regional identity. Why the number of (ethnic) parties rapidly grew in Nepal from the mid of the first decade of twenty-first century is the main question of this study. By observing three clear waves of party formation in Nepal, this article, first presents an introduction of each wave. It then explores the reasons behind the rapid growth of ethnic parties in the lowland of Nepal in the second wave and indigenous parties in the highland of the Himalayan nation in the third wave. This study finds that the continuity of political system and practices of parliamentary politics of 1990s in post-2006 democratic era worked as foundation for the rapid growth of the political parties in the second and third waves. Political rivalry among Maoist and Madhesi People Right Forum in Terai and adaptation of proportional representation system caused the growth of ethnic political parties in the second wave in the lowland of Nepal. Networking inside the first constituent assembly, mostly through ethnic caucus, and learning effects accelerate the rise of indigenous parties in the highland of Nepal in the third wave.
Abstract
The number of political parties has increased six times in Nepal from 1990 to 2013. Twenty political parties participated in 1991 general election, whereas the number of political parties participating in election increased to one hundred and twenty in 2013 constituent assembly election. Mostly those newly formed political parties in this period are based on ethnic or regional identity. Why the number of (ethnic) parties rapidly grew in Nepal from the mid of the first decade of twenty-first century is the main question of this study. By observing three clear waves of party formation in Nepal, this article, first presents an introduction of each wave. It then explores the reasons behind the rapid growth of ethnic parties in the lowland of Nepal in the second wave and indigenous parties in the highland of the Himalayan nation in the third wave. This study finds that the continuity of political system and practices of parliamentary politics of 1990s in post-2006 democratic era worked as foundation for the rapid growth of the political parties in the second and third waves. Political rivalry among Maoist and Madhesi People Right Forum in Terai and adaptation of proportional representation system caused the growth of ethnic political parties in the second wave in the lowland of Nepal. Networking inside the first constituent assembly, mostly through ethnic caucus, and learning effects accelerate the rise of indigenous parties in the highland of Nepal in the third wave.
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