Peripheral State Interests and the Belt and Road Initiative: Why Pakistan and Sri Lanka Have Strengthened Ties with China
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Increased shakiness in the U.S.-led liberal international order has brought more spotlight upon Xi Jinping’s Belt and Road Initiative (BRI). With contending views regarding the rise of China and the possibility over Chinese expansionary foreign policy across the BRI, there has been limited discussion of peripheral states and the very interests they hold. This paper seeks to delve into the interests of two key peripheral states located in South Asia participating in the BRI. Pakistan and Sri Lanka lie in key geostrategic positions, and they have both granted access and control to ports to China. This paper pushes forth the argument that these states have entered into agreements with China seeking continued economic aid and militaristic protection amidst faulty U.S. foreign policy and posturing in South Asia. Whereas the U.S. has been inconsistent in aid provisions while unwaveringly criticizing the two states, China has consistently delivered aid and protective measures. In pushing forward with deals and measures provided along China’s BRI, the peripheral states of Pakistan and Sri Lanka depict cases of the U.S. losing influence across a war-time ally and a long-neglected actor, respectively in South Asia.
Abstract
Increased shakiness in the U.S.-led liberal international order has brought more spotlight upon Xi Jinping’s Belt and Road Initiative (BRI). With contending views regarding the rise of China and the possibility over Chinese expansionary foreign policy across the BRI, there has been limited discussion of peripheral states and the very interests they hold. This paper seeks to delve into the interests of two key peripheral states located in South Asia participating in the BRI. Pakistan and Sri Lanka lie in key geostrategic positions, and they have both granted access and control to ports to China. This paper pushes forth the argument that these states have entered into agreements with China seeking continued economic aid and militaristic protection amidst faulty U.S. foreign policy and posturing in South Asia. Whereas the U.S. has been inconsistent in aid provisions while unwaveringly criticizing the two states, China has consistently delivered aid and protective measures. In pushing forward with deals and measures provided along China’s BRI, the peripheral states of Pakistan and Sri Lanka depict cases of the U.S. losing influence across a war-time ally and a long-neglected actor, respectively in South Asia.
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