인도 여성담론의 주체성과 신여성의 특성
The Subjectivity of Discourses on Women and Characteristics of the New Women in India
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본 연구에서는 독립 이전 인도의 신여성들이 드러낸 주체성과 특성을 분석했다. 여성들이 주체적 의식을 드러낸 계기는 비자야락슈미와 루끄마바이 사건이었다. 따라바이는 남자와 여자를 다른 기준으로 재단하는 남성들의 시각을 비판했고, 라마바이는 식민정부와 인도의 개혁가들이 여성 교육을 강조하면서도, 여성들이 학업을 위해 가부장제 체제를 위반했을 때 그녀들을 보호해 주지 않는다고 비판했다. 1930년대부터 신여성들은 관습과 제도가 여성문제의 근본 요인이라고 비판했다. 특히 부모가 배우자를 선택하는 문제와 교육받은 신여성들이 겪는 좌절이 부각되었다. 이러한 인도의 신여성 양상에서 드러나는 특징은 다음과 같다. 첫째 대부분 조혼을 하고 과부가 된 후 신여성성을 드러냈기 때문에 배우자 선택권의 주장이 미약했다. 둘째 신여성들의 외형적 기표가 미약했기에 시각적 전달력과 대중적 영향력이 약했다. 셋째 신여성이라는 용어 자체가 일반화되지 않았고, 신여성이라는 용어가 전면에 부각된 것이 1970년대 이후여서, 인도의 신여성 연구는 1970년대 이후를 대상으로 하는 경향이 있다. 신여성의 일반적 특징은 전통과의 단절이다. 그러나 인도에서는 전통을 따르면서 새로운 여성상을 만들어 냈다. 그러므로 외형적 기표를 통해서는 신여성성을 추적하기 어렵다. 그러나 여성들의 의식의 변화, 남성들의 여성차별 의식에 대한 비판과 여성을 억압하는 사회 제도를 비판하는 여성의식의 변화를 추적한다면 독립 이전의 인도 여성들에게서 신여성성을 확인할 수 있다고 생각한다.
Abstract
This study analyzed subjectivity and characteristics exposed by Indian new women before Independence in India. The accidents of Vijayalakshmi and Rukhmabai are the opportunities where the women’s independent subjective consciousness was exposed. Tarabai criticized men’s view, which is to make a judgment on women with different standards from the ones for men. Ramabai criticized that the colonial government and reformers emphasized the education for women but they didn't protect the women when they violated the patriarchy system for their study. Since 1930s, the new women criticized that customs and systems were the main factors which caused problems to women. Especially, what were emerged were; the problem that the parents selected their daughters’ spouses and frustration suffered by the educated new women. Characteristics exposed at these aspects on Indian new women are as follows: Firstly, Most of them were married too early and, when they became widows, their new womanness was exposed. Therefore, they were not strong enough to insist on selecting their spouses. Secondly, new women’s external signifiers were too minor to be delivered visually and influence to the public. Lastly, the term, new women was not generalized and emerged in front only after 1970s. Therefore, the study on new women in India is tended to target after 1970s. General characteristic of new women is isolation from traditions. But new womanness in India was made by following to their traditions. Therefore, it is not easy to trace new womanness through the external signifiers. Still, it is thought that new womanness can be found out at the Indian women before Independence in India if change of women’s consciousness, critics on men’s consciousness of discrimination against women and change of women’s consciousness to criticize the social system to suppress women are traced.
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