인도신화와 고통의 문제: 『리그베다』에 나타난 바루나와 진흙의 집 내러티브 해석
On the Problem of Suffering in Indian Mythology: Narrative Interpretation of Varuṇa and House of Clay Episode
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인도신화에서 고통의 문제를 다루는 기원적 텍스트로 『리그베다』와 바루나 신화를 꼽을 수 있다. 여기서 인간의 고통은 신이 주는 질병이나 죽음이라는 신체적 형벌로 묘사된다. 고통은 인간과 신의 관계성에서 발생하고, 인간이 저지른 죄와 잘못의 문제는 리타(ṛta)라는 우주의 질서, 사회적 협약을 지키기 위해 신이 내린 형벌로 해결된다. 『리그베다』 제7장의 주인공 바시슈타(Vasiṣṭha) 선인은 바루나신과 우정을 나누는 각별한 사이였으나 리타를 깨는 죄를 짓고, 수종병(水腫病)이란 처벌로 고통받는다. 수종병은 물(āpas)의 신격인 바루나의 속성과 인간의 끝없는 욕망을 상징하는 갈애(渴愛, taṇhā)의 상관관계를 신화적으로 보여주면서 고통을 시각화한다. 이 고통은 ‘진흙의 집(mṛnmayaṃ gṛhaṃ)’으로 표상된 죽음으로 극대화된다. 또한 악(惡)한 행위를 절대 용서하지 않는 엄격한 바루나에게 용서받을 수 있는 죄를 의지(kratu)의 박약과 부주의(acitti)로 한정하면서, 인도신화 특히 베다신화에서 바루나는 질병과 죽음이라는 두 가지 고통을 통해 인간이 죄를 참회하고 용서를 갈구하는 윤리 관념을 제시한다. 그리고 인간이 죄를 짓지 않게 하는 방법으로 리타에 대한 통찰력을 제안하면서, 고통 속에서도 죄의 정화를 통해 신과의 우정을 회복하고자 하는 인간의 희망을 노래하고 있다.
Abstract
This paper contains a problem of ‘suffering’(duḥkha, 苦/苦痛) in Indian mythology. In particular, I concentrate on the origin of the problem of suffering and the God Varuna in the Rig-Veda. In the Veda, human’s suffering is portrayed as a physical punishment of a disease and death of Varuna God. Suffering occurs in the relationship between man and God, and man’s mistakes and sin are resolved through physical punishment for the order of the universe and the social agreement(ṛta, 天測). The most extreme suffering in the Rig-Veda, death, is symbolized by the ‘House of the Clay’(mṛnmayaṃ gṛhaṃ). The House of the Clay episode appears in Chapter 7 of Rig-Veda. The God Varuna punished humans who had been trapped by a dropsy, Vashishta is in which he feels frightened and begs him not to send himself to this house. This episode consists of a narrative structure in which Varuna punishes a man who has been punished by a snare and inflicts dropsy, and the rsi Vashishta despises to fear not to send him to this house. This disease visualizes the suffering by showing the mythological correlation of the attributes of god Varuna of water(apās, 水) and thirst(taṇhā, 渴愛) which symbolizes human endless desire. It also limits the sins of human beings, which can be forgiven by the strict Varuna who never forgives evil(pāpa, 惡) acts, as the ‘will power’(kratu, 意志) weakness and ‘carelessness’(acitti, 不注意). In Indian mythology, especially Vedic mythology, Varuna presents a punishment structure in which human beings repent of their sins and crave forgiveness through two kinds of suffering, illness and death. In addition, suggesting insights of Rta(true current, dharma) as a way to prevent human beings from committing a sin, it hymns human's hope to restore friendship with God even in the midst of suffering.
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