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인도 스마트시티미션을 둘러싼 사회·경제적 맥락의 고찰: 경제와 정치의 악순환 구조를 매개하는 재정 문제를 통해 본 기반시설 조성 전략

The Socioeconomic Context of the Smart Cities Mission in India: Strategy to Build Infrastructure Countering Fiscal Deficit in a Mediating Position between the Economic and the Political Vicious Circles

강성용
아시아연구소|2021.12|아시아리뷰 (Asia Review)|제11권 제3호|pp. 199-242

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키워드

토지수용스마트시티Smart CityLand Acquisition스마트시티미션청결인도미션신흥중산층Smart Cities MissionSwachh Bharat MissionNeomiddle Class in India
주제분류사회과학일반

초록

인도가 100여 개의 스마트시티를 구축하고자 추진 중인 국책과제 스마트시티미션(SCM)이 기획되고 추진된 사회·경제 적 이면을 짚어 내고자 한다. 기반시설 부재와 제조업 육성 실패가 되먹임되는 매개고리인 국가재정난 속에서 민간자본 특 히 외자유치를 통해 급박한 생활기반시설 조성을 이루어 내겠다는 복안을 가진 이 사업은, 현 집권당의 지지기반이자 힌두 근본주의와 시장경제를 보편적 가치로 내세우는 인도 신흥중산층의 요구에 부응하는 사업이기도 하다. 그런데 불가결한 토지수용의 제도와 현장 집행의 역사적 경험과 현실 속에서 드러나는 사회적 의사결정의 고비용 구조는 이러한 구상의 실 현을 가로막고 있다. SCM을 매개로 삼아 경제와 정치적인 면의 악순환 구조를 풀어 가기 위한 시도가 이루어지고 있는 현 실적인 맥락을 짚어, 스마트시티가 갖는 기술적 아우라와 모호성이 어떻게 정치적인 선전을 가능하게 하고 있는지를 지적 하고 이와 함께 SCM의 저변에 자리 잡은 드러나지 않는 사업추진의 의도 그리고 그 함축과 한계를 드러내고자 한다.

Abstract

The Smart Cities Mission (SCM) in India initiated by the Narendra Modi government in 2015 is to be understood and reviewed in the wide socioeconomic contexts of India. The SCM aims basically, in my judgement, to create the urgent living infrastructure mobilizing private capital, especially foreign direct investments. This could contribute to escape the vicious circle of financial deficit, the missing infrastructure, the weak manufacturing industry, and the lack of infrastructure investments. However, the indispensable land acquisition for the SCM reveals the high-cost structure in social decision-making in India and points out the reason of the stalled progress in the Mission. Leaving political slogans and technological ambiguities aside, the potential transformative power of the smart city and its limitations should be reviewed against the relevant historical background. It is suggested carefully that the financial deficit would be the most fundamental mediating loop between the economic vicious circle and the political chains of problems in India. It is the reason why not the one-off political events such as the demonetization in 2016, but the combination of persistent policies are required.

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