베트남 레初의 敎育과 科試 一考察

Abstract

The early years of the later Le dynasty held the Jinsashi (the civil service examination for selecting government officials) 26 times over the course of 100 years and selected 1003 Jinsa (government officials.) This period of time had the largest number of government officials selected by the civil service examination in the history of Vietnam. The early years of the later Le dynasty regularized the civil service examination, based on the three stages of the civil service examination system which had started from the Mongol period. The education and the civil service examination of the early years of the later Le Dynasty were far more advanced than the previous dynasties. The object of the education in the later Le dynasty was to select and train the brains, based on the scripture of Confucianism, for the sake of the king’s governing the country. Gwan-hak (the national school) and Sahak (the private school) were the two typical types of educational institutions at that time. In the case of Gwan-hak, there was Gookjagam in the capital city, and Rohak in the local area. In the capital city, there were also Sungmoongwan and Soolimgook, special institutions for the sons of noble government officials. Favors were given to the students of Gookjagam or Rohak. They could get exemption from the compulsory labor and the military service, and the latter was the biggest merit. In addition, the students of Gookjagam could get a certain amount of scholarship and government office position. However, it did not mean they were always treated specially. If they didn't show improvement on their studies, obey the school rules, or pay attention to their studies, they were punished by writing a letter of apology, getting lashes, or being sent to the army forcibly. Not everyone can be a Hakgwan, a type of special government official. Among government officials, there were civil officials and military officers. Some of the civil officials inherited positions from their parents or were selected by the recommendation of other officials, regardless of a civil service examination. A Hakgwan had to passed an examination, and they were selected from the students of Gookjagam or the secretary of the government office who had been well-behaved and had in-depth knowledge. A Hakgwan selected from Gookjagam had more outstanding knowledge in Confucianism than a Hakagwan selected from Rohak.