처벌과 치료의 경계에서: 가정폭력 강제정책의 효용, 모순, 그 필요에 관한 논의
The Borderline between Punishment and Treatment: Study on the Usefulness, Contradiction and Necessity of the Mandatory Arrest and No-Drop Policies for Domestic Violence
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한국사회에서 가정폭력의 심각성이 인식되고 가해자 처벌강화 요구가 증가하는 가운데, 이 글은 미국사회에서 시행되고 있는 가정폭력 근절을 위한 강제정책인 강제체포와 강제기소의 도입배경과 내용, 그리고 그를 둘러싼 논쟁들을 포괄적으로 탐색한다는 목적을 갖는다. 미국사회에서 시행되고 있는 강제정책은 강제체포와 강제기소로 대표된다. 가정폭력 가해자를 의무적으로 체포하도록 하는 강제체포 제도는 그간 가정폭력에 소극적으로 대처하던 경찰의 태도를 변화시키기 위해 도입되었으며, 강제기소 정책은 보복의 두려움으로 인해 가해자 기소를 망설였던 피해여성들의 부담을 경감시키기 위해 고안되었다. 이러한 강제정책의 효과는 첫째, 가정폭력은 엄중히 단죄되어야 할 범죄라는 사회적 메시지를 전달한다는 점, 둘째, 실제 가정폭력의 재범가능성을 억제한다는 점에서 긍정적으로 평가되고 있다. 그러나 다른 한편, 피해여성의 의사 및 의도를 충분히 고려하지 않음으로 인해, 여성의 주체성과 자율성을 훼손하고, 나아가 수동적이고 무력한 피해여성의 전형성을 강화한다는 점에서 비판과 우려의 대상이 되기도 하였다. 가정폭력 가해자 정책에 있어 매우 큰 전환점을 마련해야 하는 우리의 사회현실에서, 이 글은 강제정책을 둘러싼 논쟁과 갈등의 지점을 파악하고, 나아가 최근 법 개정을 둘러싸고 진행되고 있는 가정폭력 가해자 처벌에 관한 각기 다른 입장을 살피며, 가정폭력에 대한 단호하고도 엄중한 처벌 없이 가정폭력이 범죄라는 사회적 인식이 각인될 수 없음을 주장하고자 한다.
Abstract
Given the growing recognition of domestic violence as a serious social problem, this paper aims to review and assess the mandatory policies for domestic violence, which have been implemented in the United States. The mandatory policies for domestic violence refer to mandatory arrest and no-drop prosecution. Based on the result of the Minneapolis Experiment in 1984, which found a significant deterrent effect of arresting batterers, the US criminal justice system adopted the mandatory arrest policy. In a similar vein, the no-drop prosecution policy has been advocated, which requires prosecution of domestic violence cases without victim's consent. Both mandatory policies have led to dramatic changes in terms of changing polices' responses and attitudes and protecting domestic violence victims from further abuses. However, these aggressive policies have also produced academic debates concerning women's agency and autonomy. Critics from within the women's movement have argued that those policies would disempower battered women by taking the decision-making out of their hands and by treating them as powerless and voiceless others. Some feminist advocates have also criticized that the mandatory policies might harm a certain group of women such as immigrants and racial minorities. Under the circumstances of Korean society in which domestic violence has been decriminalized and identified as a matter of 'preservation of family', this paper argues that the mandatory policies would be a considerable alternative way to eradicate domestic violence in South Korea. Most of all, it pays attention to the strength of the mandatory policies in that they can send a significant message to a whole society that domestic violence is a serious crime and women's human rights violation. In this vein, rather than simply rejecting the mandatory polices due to some limitations and constraints, this paper points out that the criminal justice system should consider the contexts and backgrounds in which battered women are not able to escape, hesitate to call the police, and drop charges despite overwhelming evidences that they are victims of domestic violence.
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