20세기 전환기 미국 원주민 동화교육과 새로운 시민정체성을 찾아서
Looking for a New Bicultural Identity after Assimilation Programs toward American Native-Indian at the turn of the 20th Century
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1960-70년대는 미국 역사상 소수자를 위한 민권운동의 절정기였다. 수천 수백 년간의 인종차별을 종식시키고자 했던 흑인 인권운동에 힘입어 모든 유색인과 소수자들이 함께 목소리를 높였던 시기였다. 그런데 미국 원주민의 경우, 원주민들의 ‘다르게 살 권리’를 위한 자기정체성운동과 그 성과를 1960-70년대로만 국한해서는 안된다. 원주민들이 주류 백인문화 속에서 부족문화의 전통과 가치를 유지하면서 혼종적인 문화정체성을 형성하기 시작한 것은 오히려 20세기 전환기 전통문화 말살이라는 동화교육이 그 정점에서 강제되었던 시기로 거슬러 올라가기 때문이다. 이에 본고는 ‘인디언다움’을 유지하면서 백인 미국사회에서 공존하는 원주민만의 문화정체성 형성의 역사를 100년 전 부터 꾸준히 이어진 원주민들의 새로운 자기정체성 찾기라는 긴 여정으로 들여다본다. 본고는 먼저 원주민에 대한 미국의 교육정책과 인종인식에 대한 변화과정을시기별로 정리하면서 원주민에게 문명화교육, 동화교육, 혹은 분리교육이 어떤 의미였는지, 그리고 이에 대한 그들의 저항은 어떤 방식으로 표출되었고 그들이 진정 원했던 것은 무엇이었는지 살펴볼 것이다. 다음으로 원주민들이 부족정체성을유지하면서 백인주류사회에서 공존하기 위해 어떤 노력을 기울였는지를 두 명의 대표적 원주민 지도자의 활동을 통해 들여다보고 그들만의 방식으로 이중적 문화정체성(Bicultural Identity)을 형성해가는 과정을 들여다볼 것이다.
Abstract
Without a question, the 1960-70s was the era of the civil rights movements for minorities. In the wake of the African American civil rights movements, diverse minorities including colored races arose together in America. In case of Native American, however, Indian rights movements and outcomes for the right to live different keeping their Indian heritage should not be confined the 1960s. Rather, it started very point of that American government tried to destroy and erase Indian traditional tribal culture by force in the name of the “Assimilation Programs” at the turn of the 20th century. Therefore, this study tries to see the history of reclaiming Indian cultural identity as a long journey of remolding their identity by embracing the values and customs of both the white dominant culture and their own as an American. It starts with explaining how American racism and educational policies toward Native Americans from the beginning of the nation by showing the meaning of civilization education, assimilation or segregated education for Native Americans. It also shows the diverse ways of resisting in order to express what exactly they wanted. Then, focusing two dominant Native American leaders who adopted bicultural identities, it explains the way how they showed that to be American meant to be able to negotiate with white culture as well as reclaim the very traditions, culture, and identities that their white teachers had once tried to annihilate. □
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