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미국 다문화교육의 패러다임 변화와 시사점 고찰

A Study on the Paradigm Shift and Implications of Multicultural Education in the United States

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초록

미국 다문화교육의 목표는 모든 학생이 학교에서 균등성의 원칙하에 다양성 존중을 위한 협동과 책임감을 기르는데 있다. 미국에서 다문화교육의 태동은 시민권운동은 물론 지속적인 이민의 증가에 기인했으며, 공교육기관으로서학교가 다문화교육을 실천하는 데 중요한 사회기관으로 역할을 하였다. 또한, 학교는 다양한 사회집단이 그들만의단체를 형성하도록 장려하고, 다양한 학습자들간 성취 격차를 좁히고, 연대, 팀워크, 도덕성을 증진시키는 데 도움이되는 참여활동과 프로그램을 실시해 왔다. 그러므로 학교는 다문화교육을 통해 다른 문화, 사회계층, 민족 및 인종집단의학생 및 학습자들을 위한 동등한 교육기회를 제공하는 데 기여해 왔다. 미국 다문화교육의 발전과정 및 역사적 전개를 살펴볼 때, 사회 구성원 모두 사회적 소수자를 이해하고 상호 이해를바탕으로 동등한 구성원으로서 미래지향적으로 함께 발전을 도모하는 것을 알 수 있다. 이렇듯 미국 다문화교육의가장 큰 시사점으로는 다문화교육이 정주민-다수자가 사회적 소수자를 이해하고, 상호 이해를 바탕으로 사회의 동등한구성원으로서 지속가능한 다문화 사회 발전에 기여한다는 점이다. 특히 미국의 다문화 역사를 통하여 우리나라의주류문화로 다문화를 동화시키는 동화주의는 바람직하지 않음을 알 수 있다. 이주민의 문화를 다양한 문화의 하나로서인정하고, 그럼으로써 이주 배경 학생들이 우리 사회의 동등한 자격 있는 시민으로서 성장하고 제 몫을 할 수 있도록하는 것이 중요하다. 다문화교육 담당 교사의 선발과 학교평가 등과 관련한 제도적인 면에서는 학교 간 서열을 내세우는엄중한 학교 및 교사평가보다는 큰 교육목표 아래에 협업을 통한 다문화교육이 보다 큰 성과가 있었다는 미국 교육행정의역사 역시 우리에게 시사점이 될 것이다.

Abstract

The concept of multicultural education is too broad. It is important to make all students active participants in society through multicultural education. Multicultural education in the United States has been developed through civil rights movements and sustained immigration. The primary goal of multicultural education is to establish equal educational opportunities, especially for students and learners of different cultures, social classes, ethnic and racial groups. It contains principles to help both students/learners and teachers, so it is one of the slowest ways to improve teaching. The benefits of multicultural education are to reduce the number of dropouts among minority students, and to reduce the number of ignorance, fear, and personal isolation among such students. Looking at the development process of multicultural education in the U.S., it seems that multicultural education in Korea should be done on the premise that social strong and social weak understand each other, and seek future-oriented development of the country as equal members of Korea based on mutual understanding. In particular, we can see that assimilationism, which assimilates multiculturalism into the mainstream culture of Korea, is not desirable through the history of multiculturalism in the United States. It is important to recognize multiculturalism as one of the diverse cultures, so that multicultural students can grow up as citizens with equal qualifications in Korean society and play a role as a full-fledged member of society. In addition, the history of U.S. educational administration, which says that multi-cultural education has achieved greater results through collaboration than strict schools and teachers' evaluations, will be helpful for us.

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