상상의 帝國, 天朝의 邊境— 元明 시기 雲南 변경의 재현 방식에 관한 연구
Research on Representation Methods for Vicinity of Yunnan during the Era of Yuan-Ming Empire
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The current paper aims to analyze how southwest frontier of Yunnan, newly developed by China during the era of Yuan-Ming empire, as well as surrounding countries (Myanmar, Thailand, Laos) are represented in the text and to examine its meanings. In the literature during the era of Yuan-Ming, southwest frontier of Yunnan and residents living in that area were named Baiyi (百夷) or Xinanyi (西南夷). In fact, Yunnan grew out of control by China since the 3rd century and it became a part of China when Mongol empire defeated Dali Kingdom in 1253. In the late 13th century, Guo Songnian (郭松年) wrote Dalixingji (大理行記) after traveling the major historical sites and scenic spots of Yunnan. Here, he reconstructed Yunnan and its frontier based on the historical lineage developed by the Han civilization. The natural landscape and geographic features of Yunnan were also reproduced with languages and narrative styles which were familiar with traditional Chinese-style writings. During the early period of Ming dynasty, China indirectly ruled southwest frontier of Yunnan and Myanmar and installed Tusi (土司). Envoys who came back after visiting the small kingdoms around Yunnan and Myanmar revealed the ideals of Ming empire via Baiyizhuan (百夷傳). It is assumed that China may have confirmed their identity as “we” through these literature and felt sense of homogeneity as well as satisfaction. However, after the middle period of Ming dynasty, China had lost its capabilities to resolve the conflicts happening in the frontier of Yunnan. Xinanyi fengtuji (西南夷風土記) by Zhu Mengzhen (朱孟震) from the late 16th century demonstrated the changing recognition and imagination. Zhu Mengzhen reproduced the frontier of Yunnan and Myanmar as a mysterious and scary place, which was completely different from China. However, some literature has continued its “emperial imagination” until the fall of Ming dynasty, by recognizing the southwest frontier of Yunnan and Myanmar as a part of China.
Abstract
The current paper aims to analyze how southwest frontier of Yunnan, newly developed by China during the era of Yuan-Ming empire, as well as surrounding countries (Myanmar, Thailand, Laos) are represented in the text and to examine its meanings. In the literature during the era of Yuan-Ming, southwest frontier of Yunnan and residents living in that area were named Baiyi (百夷) or Xinanyi (西南夷). In fact, Yunnan grew out of control by China since the 3rd century and it became a part of China when Mongol empire defeated Dali Kingdom in 1253. In the late 13th century, Guo Songnian (郭松年) wrote Dalixingji (大理行記) after traveling the major historical sites and scenic spots of Yunnan. Here, he reconstructed Yunnan and its frontier based on the historical lineage developed by the Han civilization. The natural landscape and geographic features of Yunnan were also reproduced with languages and narrative styles which were familiar with traditional Chinese-style writings. During the early period of Ming dynasty, China indirectly ruled southwest frontier of Yunnan and Myanmar and installed Tusi (土司). Envoys who came back after visiting the small kingdoms around Yunnan and Myanmar revealed the ideals of Ming empire via Baiyizhuan (百夷傳). It is assumed that China may have confirmed their identity as “we” through these literature and felt sense of homogeneity as well as satisfaction. However, after the middle period of Ming dynasty, China had lost its capabilities to resolve the conflicts happening in the frontier of Yunnan. Xinanyi fengtuji (西南夷風土記) by Zhu Mengzhen (朱孟震) from the late 16th century demonstrated the changing recognition and imagination. Zhu Mengzhen reproduced the frontier of Yunnan and Myanmar as a mysterious and scary place, which was completely different from China. However, some literature has continued its “emperial imagination” until the fall of Ming dynasty, by recognizing the southwest frontier of Yunnan and Myanmar as a part of China.
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