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国際法理論としての政治的現実主義の視座 -国際関係論･国際法の架橋という図式を超えて-

The Insights of Political Realism as an International Legal Theory: Going beyond the Dichotomic Relationship Between International Law and International Relations

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일본연구센터 (The Japan Center)|2018.03|차세대 인문사회연구 (The Journal of Next-Generation Humanities and Social Sciences)|제14호|pp. 77-101|DOI 10.22538/jnghss.2018..14.77

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참고문헌

키워드

International LawLegal Positivism政治的現実主義法実証主義国際法法と政治制限の政治Political RealismLaw and PoliticsPolitics of Limits

초록

本稿の目標は、政治的現実主義を国際法理論として位置づけ、その意義と限界を探ることにある。政治的現実主義の論者とされるE.H.カーやH.モーゲンソーは、いずれも法実証主義の国際法論を批判する形で議論を展開した。だが、こうした知的文脈は、伝統的な現実主義論の考察からも、また近年盛んに行われている政治的現実主義再評価の動きからも見落とされがちである。政治的現実主義論は、一面においてはリベラリズム批判と言える。しかし、政治的現実主義をリベラリズム批判の国際関係論としてのみ捉えてしまうことは危険である。なぜなら、彼らが国際法自体は否定せず、むしろ実証主義的国際法批判という形で論争したという点こそが、実は政治的現実主義が有する問題意識を解く鍵となるからである。こうした問題意識に基づき、政治的現実主義を国際法学の文脈で読み直すことは、国際法と国際関係論の架橋という図式の限界を示すことにもつながる。本稿の主張は、法の限界に向けられた政治的現実主義の視座が、規範と力の二項対立で捉えられがちな国際法における法と政治の問題を、国際秩序の観点から統合的に考える出発点となるというものである。だが、政治的現実主義論の方法論は、新たな規範に基づき、国際システムそのものを乗り越える新たな秩序を提示するものではない。本稿は、国際法理論としての政治的現実主義の射程が、法を強制力と解する近代法制度における法と政治の関係に限定されていることも併せて指摘する。

Abstract

The primary purpose of this paper is to re-define political realism as a theory of international law and to examine its theoretical significance and limitation. Theorists of political realism such as E.H. Carr and H. Morgenthau are considered as the founders of international relations theories. However, in fact, they developed their arguments in relation to critiques against legal positivism. This intellectual context has long been neglected from traditional debates on realism. Even though political realism is being re-evaluated by critical theories, the foundation of political realism as a theory of anti-legal positivism remains to be untouched. It goes without saying that one of the main arguments of political realism lies in their strong criticism against liberalism. Nevertheless, to simplify political realism as a critique against universalism would overlook why they remained discussing international legal order. In other words, political realism shows their great interests on the limitation of international law. Based on this awareness, this paper seeks to develop an insight to go beyond the dichotomic relationship between international law and international relation. It will be argued that political realism has a potential to integrate norms and power, which were traditionally believed as two opposing elements in international order. Meanwhile, this paper will also point out that the insights of political realism are restricted to modern legal system. The methodology of political realism is applicable only to the relationship between modern law and politics, where law is understood the power of coercion. Thus, this paper considers that political realism is unable to provide an alternative international order that would go beyond the system of states.

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