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1960년대 초반 미국의 대외원조정책 조정과 대한원조의 ‘정상화’

Adjustment of U.S. Foreign Aid Policy and ‘Normalization’ of U.S. Aid to Korea in the early 1960s

이휘현
규장각한국학연구원 (Kyujanggak Institute for Korean Studies)|2020.12|한국문화|제92호|pp. 295-331|DOI 10.22943/han.2020..92.010

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냉전Cold War한미관계경제원조대한원조 정상화한미경제기술원조협정Korea-U.S. RelationsEconomic AidNormalization of U.S. Aid to Korea
주제분류기타인문학

초록

In the late 1950s to the early 1960s, This paper analyzed the issue of ‘Normalization’ of U.S. aid to Korea implemented in the course of a change in the U.S. foreign aid policy. During this time, the United States worked to coordinate its foreign aid policy. In this process, the United States separated military and economic aid, and noted the importance of third-world economic development. At this time, the U.S. wanted to implement economic aid through the principle of ‘Selection and Concentration,’ focusing on the self-help efforts of the aided countries and the possibility of success of their projects. In addition, the U.S. wanted to revise the direction and contents of the Korean aid project in line with the changing situation. U.S. aid to Korea was not ‘Normal’ both in terms of structure and scale due to the situation of wartime and postwar reconstruction. Therefore, when Korea’s postwar reconstruction was completed, the United States wanted to reorganize their aid policy to Korea into a more general form. The series of work that the United States carried out against this backdrop was the ‘Normalization’ of U.S. aid to Korea. First, the U.S. set up an aid organization (USOM/K) in Korea and signed a new aid agreement to change the procedures and structure of aid projects in a standard manner. In addition, the U.S. called on Korea government to seek ways to become economically independent by reforming its ‘Unreasonable’ economic structure in exchange for providing additional aid. Furthermore, Korea was not included in the priority list of U.S. economic aid projects during this period, and the U.S. judged Korea to be a country that should seek gradual development while maintaining its current level of stability rather than immediate economic development under its ‘Normalization’ policy. As a result, U.S. economic aid to South Korea, especially development loans, was rarely given at this time. These facts show that the ‘Normalization’ of U.S. aid to Korea was not just about the aid issue but also about ‘Normalizing’ the Korea-U.S. relations formed around large-scale military and economic aid. In this respect, the Vietnam War is a very important turning point in Korean modern history. The Park Chung-hee military government has constantly expressed its willingness to participate in the Vietnam War to the U.S. government, and has jumped to the forefront of the war, which has been shunned by other U.S. longtime allies. The trend of ‘Normalization’ of U.S. aid to Korea since the late 1950s began to reverse its course due to Korea’s participation in the Vietnam War. The ever-tightening relationship between South Korea and the U.S. since the mid-1960s and the expansion of U.S. economic support for South Korea should be dealt with more closely amid Washington’s policy toward Seoul, which has changed to the beginning of the Vietnam War. Although much has already been said about the relationship between the Vietnam War and Korea’s economic development, I would like to discuss the meaning of the Vietnam War in terms of the Korea-U.S. relations formed by the Korean War, the series of processes that ‘Normalize’ it, and the Korea-U.S. relations that are reestablished around the Vietnam War through the following research. The Korea-U.S. relationship during the Cold War itself has a strong Cold War character. The structure and nature of Korea-U.S. relations during this period are distinguished from other similar relationships in the previous era, even in the various ways in which powerful and weak countries form relationships. In fact, not only is the concept of one nation’s total involvement in the nation-building of another’s country through aid itself a product of the Cold War, but also not a general situation. In the meantime, however, we have used to explain Korea’s modernization and economic growth on the premise that this situation is general. But, the issue of ‘Normalization’ of U.S. aid to Korea dealt with in this paper shows the ‘Blank’ of the premise that has been taken for granted. And this ‘Blank’ asks what is the ‘Normal’ state of the Cold War relationship between South Korea and the U.S.

Abstract

In the late 1950s to the early 1960s, This paper analyzed the issue of ‘Normalization’ of U.S. aid to Korea implemented in the course of a change in the U.S. foreign aid policy. During this time, the United States worked to coordinate its foreign aid policy. In this process, the United States separated military and economic aid, and noted the importance of third-world economic development. At this time, the U.S. wanted to implement economic aid through the principle of ‘Selection and Concentration,’ focusing on the self-help efforts of the aided countries and the possibility of success of their projects. In addition, the U.S. wanted to revise the direction and contents of the Korean aid project in line with the changing situation. U.S. aid to Korea was not ‘Normal’ both in terms of structure and scale due to the situation of wartime and postwar reconstruction. Therefore, when Korea’s postwar reconstruction was completed, the United States wanted to reorganize their aid policy to Korea into a more general form. The series of work that the United States carried out against this backdrop was the ‘Normalization’ of U.S. aid to Korea. First, the U.S. set up an aid organization (USOM/K) in Korea and signed a new aid agreement to change the procedures and structure of aid projects in a standard manner. In addition, the U.S. called on Korea government to seek ways to become economically independent by reforming its ‘Unreasonable’ economic structure in exchange for providing additional aid. Furthermore, Korea was not included in the priority list of U.S. economic aid projects during this period, and the U.S. judged Korea to be a country that should seek gradual development while maintaining its current level of stability rather than immediate economic development under its ‘Normalization’ policy. As a result, U.S. economic aid to South Korea, especially development loans, was rarely given at this time. These facts show that the ‘Normalization’ of U.S. aid to Korea was not just about the aid issue but also about ‘Normalizing’ the Korea-U.S. relations formed around large-scale military and economic aid. In this respect, the Vietnam War is a very important turning point in Korean modern history. The Park Chung-hee military government has constantly expressed its willingness to participate in the Vietnam War to the U.S. government, and has jumped to the forefront of the war, which has been shunned by other U.S. longtime allies. The trend of ‘Normalization’ of U.S. aid to Korea since the late 1950s began to reverse its course due to Korea’s participation in the Vietnam War. The ever-tightening relationship between South Korea and the U.S. since the mid-1960s and the expansion of U.S. economic support for South Korea should be dealt with more closely amid Washington’s policy toward Seoul, which has changed to the beginning of the Vietnam War. Although much has already been said about the relationship between the Vietnam War and Korea’s economic development, I would like to discuss the meaning of the Vietnam War in terms of the Korea-U.S. relations formed by the Korean War, the series of processes that ‘Normalize’ it, and the Korea-U.S. relations that are reestablished around the Vietnam War through the following research. The Korea-U.S. relationship during the Cold War itself has a strong Cold War character. The structure and nature of Korea-U.S. relations during this period are distinguished from other similar relationships in the previous era, even in the various ways in which powerful and weak countries form relationships. In fact, not only is the concept of one nation’s total involvement in the nation-building of another’s country through aid itself a product of the Cold War, but also not a general situation. In the meantime, however, we have used to explain Korea’s modernization and economic growth on the premise that this situation is general. But, the issue of ‘Normalization’ of U.S. aid to Korea dealt with in this paper shows the ‘Blank’ of the premise that has been taken for granted. And this ‘Blank’ asks what is the ‘Normal’ state of the Cold War relationship between South Korea and the U.S.

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