조선의 청 황제 성절 축하와 건륭 칠순 ‘진하 외교’
Joseon's Commemoration of the Qing Imperial Birthdays and Special Embassies for the Qianlong Emperor's Seventy-sui Birthday in 1780
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Starting from 1637, Joseon was required to send to the Qing capital Shenyang regular embassies for three annual events in addition to the annual tribute mission: the imperial birthday, the winter solstice, and the New Year's Day. In 1645, the Qing court, which then had moved its capital to Beijing, ordered the king of Joseon to combine all the regular embassies into one and to send a combined embassy at the New Year's Day. Since then, the Joseon court did not send its official missions for the imperial birthdays. In this historical context, three speical embassies that King Jeongjo dispatched in 1780, when the Qianlong emperor turned seventy-sui, deserve our attention. Firstly, when King Jeongjo sent a regular embassy for the New Year's Day of 1780, he assigned to the embassy an unusual mission: Celebrating Qianlong's unprecedented longevity in Qing history. Secondly, Jeongjo dispatched a special embassy solely to commemorate Qianlong's seventy-sui birthday on the thirteenth day of the eighth lunar month. Qianlong was highly delighted by this, and had the emissaries from Joseon come to Chengde and attend the celebrating ritual and feistivities there. Thirdly, Jeongjo sent an independent embassy to give thanks for the emperor's favorable treatment to the embassy and special gifts for him. It is noteworthy that Jeongjo decided to send this independent embassy regardless of the fact that a regualr embassy for the New Year's Day of 1781 was scheduled to depart for Beijing only three days after. King Jeongjo did not dispatch these embassies because he was ordered to do so by the Qianlong emperor; Jeongjo did so out of his own volition. And a further of investigation of the embassies that Jeongjo sent to the Qianlong's court in other years reveals that Jeongjo was attempting to cultivate a better relationship with the Qing court by dispatching special embassies as often as he could. Qianlong would repond to his actions of sincerity as a tributary king by granting special favors. It can be said that the Joseon court under King Jeongjo, having overcome, if not completely, the trauma it had to suffer in the 1630s, was at last steering toward a new stage in its relation with the Qing court.
Abstract
Starting from 1637, Joseon was required to send to the Qing capital Shenyang regular embassies for three annual events in addition to the annual tribute mission: the imperial birthday, the winter solstice, and the New Year's Day. In 1645, the Qing court, which then had moved its capital to Beijing, ordered the king of Joseon to combine all the regular embassies into one and to send a combined embassy at the New Year's Day. Since then, the Joseon court did not send its official missions for the imperial birthdays. In this historical context, three speical embassies that King Jeongjo dispatched in 1780, when the Qianlong emperor turned seventy-sui, deserve our attention. Firstly, when King Jeongjo sent a regular embassy for the New Year's Day of 1780, he assigned to the embassy an unusual mission: Celebrating Qianlong's unprecedented longevity in Qing history. Secondly, Jeongjo dispatched a special embassy solely to commemorate Qianlong's seventy-sui birthday on the thirteenth day of the eighth lunar month. Qianlong was highly delighted by this, and had the emissaries from Joseon come to Chengde and attend the celebrating ritual and feistivities there. Thirdly, Jeongjo sent an independent embassy to give thanks for the emperor's favorable treatment to the embassy and special gifts for him. It is noteworthy that Jeongjo decided to send this independent embassy regardless of the fact that a regualr embassy for the New Year's Day of 1781 was scheduled to depart for Beijing only three days after. King Jeongjo did not dispatch these embassies because he was ordered to do so by the Qianlong emperor; Jeongjo did so out of his own volition. And a further of investigation of the embassies that Jeongjo sent to the Qianlong's court in other years reveals that Jeongjo was attempting to cultivate a better relationship with the Qing court by dispatching special embassies as often as he could. Qianlong would repond to his actions of sincerity as a tributary king by granting special favors. It can be said that the Joseon court under King Jeongjo, having overcome, if not completely, the trauma it had to suffer in the 1630s, was at last steering toward a new stage in its relation with the Qing court.
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