淸 雍正 연간의 조선 사신 召見과 ‘特賜’ 외교
Imperial Summons of Joseon Envoys and the Diplomatic Policy of ‘Special Gift Bestowal’ during the Yongzheng Period
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This paper explores the newly introduced system of “imperial summons” (召見) as a key method of receiving envoys from tributary states during the Yongzheng period of the Qing Dynasty. In the later years of Emperor Kangxi's reign, ceremonial events like the tea rite and the New Year's Day banquet were often omitted, and regular court audiences (常朝) became infrequent. As a result, envoys from tributary states, including Joseon Korea, had fewer opportunities to meet with the emperor. With the accession of Emperor Yongzheng, however, the imperial summons system was restructured and reinstated, and envoys from tributary states once again began to attend regular court audiences. This shift reflects Yongzheng's more proactive approach to engaging with envoys, in contrast to the relatively distant diplomatic relations seen during Kangxi's later years. Yongzheng also implemented a policy favoring envoys from Joseon's royal family, ensuring they had regular opportunities to meet with the emperor, particularly if the special envoy (別使) was a royal family member. During his reign, Yongzheng planned to hold imperial summons for Joseon envoys on four occasions, though one meeting was canceled due to the envoy's illness. In addition to Joseon envoys, he also summoned envoys from other tributary states, such as Ryukyu, Siam, and Annam, a total of seven times. A notable feature of the summoning audiences during the Yongzheng period is that envoys from other tributary states, aside from Joseon, were granted the same level of preferential treatment as Joseon's royal envoys. Even when envoys from Ryukyu, Annam, or Siam were not siblings of kings or crown princes, they were treated according to the rituals applied to Joseon's royal envoys. In addition to strengthening diplomatic ties through summoning audiences, Yongzheng also sought to build amicable relations by presenting special gifts (特賜) to envoys from tributary states, including Joseon. Some of the items gifted to Joseon included imperially commissioned books, enamelware produced at court, stationery, and Western clocks. Under Kangxi, the Qing typically gifted silk, but during Yongzheng's reign, enamelware, stationery, and Western clocks were introduced as gifts for the first time, reflecting the dynasty's growing adoption of Western technology. These special gifts extended beyond Joseon to include envoys from other tributary states, who received items such as imperial calligraphy, books, porcelain, enamelware, jade ware, glassware, and inkstones. Ultimately, Yongzheng aimed to reduce the physical and psychological distance between the emperor and the envoys that had developed in Kangxi's later years. By holding summoning audiences and presenting rare gifts, he worked to strengthen the Qing's diplomatic relations with its tributary states.
Abstract
This paper explores the newly introduced system of “imperial summons” (召見) as a key method of receiving envoys from tributary states during the Yongzheng period of the Qing Dynasty. In the later years of Emperor Kangxi's reign, ceremonial events like the tea rite and the New Year's Day banquet were often omitted, and regular court audiences (常朝) became infrequent. As a result, envoys from tributary states, including Joseon Korea, had fewer opportunities to meet with the emperor. With the accession of Emperor Yongzheng, however, the imperial summons system was restructured and reinstated, and envoys from tributary states once again began to attend regular court audiences. This shift reflects Yongzheng's more proactive approach to engaging with envoys, in contrast to the relatively distant diplomatic relations seen during Kangxi's later years. Yongzheng also implemented a policy favoring envoys from Joseon's royal family, ensuring they had regular opportunities to meet with the emperor, particularly if the special envoy (別使) was a royal family member. During his reign, Yongzheng planned to hold imperial summons for Joseon envoys on four occasions, though one meeting was canceled due to the envoy's illness. In addition to Joseon envoys, he also summoned envoys from other tributary states, such as Ryukyu, Siam, and Annam, a total of seven times. A notable feature of the summoning audiences during the Yongzheng period is that envoys from other tributary states, aside from Joseon, were granted the same level of preferential treatment as Joseon's royal envoys. Even when envoys from Ryukyu, Annam, or Siam were not siblings of kings or crown princes, they were treated according to the rituals applied to Joseon's royal envoys. In addition to strengthening diplomatic ties through summoning audiences, Yongzheng also sought to build amicable relations by presenting special gifts (特賜) to envoys from tributary states, including Joseon. Some of the items gifted to Joseon included imperially commissioned books, enamelware produced at court, stationery, and Western clocks. Under Kangxi, the Qing typically gifted silk, but during Yongzheng's reign, enamelware, stationery, and Western clocks were introduced as gifts for the first time, reflecting the dynasty's growing adoption of Western technology. These special gifts extended beyond Joseon to include envoys from other tributary states, who received items such as imperial calligraphy, books, porcelain, enamelware, jade ware, glassware, and inkstones. Ultimately, Yongzheng aimed to reduce the physical and psychological distance between the emperor and the envoys that had developed in Kangxi's later years. By holding summoning audiences and presenting rare gifts, he worked to strengthen the Qing's diplomatic relations with its tributary states.
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