1920~30년대 인천부 ‘공설공용전’ 급수운영과 지역사회의 대응
The Water Supply System for the “Public Tap Water” in Incheon and the Response of the Local Community in 1920s-30s
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This paper attempted to examine the nature of the distribution of public goods at the local community level by reviewing the conflict between the unfair authorities, the council association, and the water supply users over the operation of water supply in Incheon in the 1920s and 30s. In colonial Joseon, like imperial Japan, the principle of public corporationism run by local organizations was applied to waterworks. Incheon-Bu is suitable as an example of various variables surrounding water supply and their responses. Incheon was a city that enjoyed relative abundance in the production of tap water due to its ample water supply compared to other cities. However, between 1910 and 1936, the water supply rate of Incheon-bu was gradually decreasing. Compared to the population growth rate, the rate of increase in the number of water supply used was lower, and the numerical difference in the rate of use by ethnicity was also clear. Why was the penetration rate low in Incheon, which was expected to be equal in the distribution of tap water? The first one is “Bu-Young.” The transfer of management to wealth with weak fiscal independence was a factor that weakened publicness. The second was the increase in rates and the change in the method of collecting fees. The Incheon-Bu implemented a metering system in 1924 to increase the actual water bill. In addition, the burden was increased by equally sharing the pay-as-you-go system to users of the “public tap water”, which is a jointly used street fountion. In particular, the public tap water used by most Koreans. The transition to a pay-as-you-go system was a system that users had to jointly pay up to the amount they did not use. In addition, since the person who managed the capital was an unpaid “chong-dae,” he often did not pay the water bill on time, embezzled it, and the water tank was submerged. As these problems accumulated, Shinhwasuri, a region of Koreans, formed a alliance not to drink tap water and responded. It was a kind of boycott of tap water. The cause of the problem was the implementation of an expensive water bill and a metering system that did not consider the poor class compared to the ability to pay. In the 1930s, demands were raised in the Incheon community to lower the high-priced water bill, leading to the revision of the ordinance. However, there was also a demand for lowering the high-priced water rate for the small class, but in reality, it was intended to lower the water rate for commercial and industrial use in terms of urban development to promote industrialization. In addition, with the inauguration of Nagai Governor, as the tightening fiscal policy began, a contract system (sales system) was implemented to entrust the joint capital to one person. The Incheon Metropolitan Government entrusted the management of the joint capital through the contract system to obtain the desired profits as they were and to leave the annoyance of management to the manager. The contractors charged a fee when selling tap water, which was very expensive, causing complaints from users. Therefore, users formed a water supply autonomous community and responded. Furthermore, the Incheon Regional Council raised an opinion that the water supply rate of small Koreans should be increased, and the issue of discrimination against water supply facilities continued. However, unless the contradiction of the principle of beneficiary burden and the high-priced water supply fee according to the metering system disappeared, a drastic increase in the water supply rate was a long way off. The water supply, examined through the Incheon-Bu, is the point where discrimination by class and discrimination by ethnicity intersect. In this paper, it was intended to clarify that the principle of beneficiary burden and the principle of economic liberalism, which is a metric system, already implies economic-hierarchical discrimination, and if this principle is applied to colonies, it leads to discrimination by ethnicity. In short, economic liberalism and colonialism represented by capitalism are not separate but simultaneously constructed.
Abstract
This paper attempted to examine the nature of the distribution of public goods at the local community level by reviewing the conflict between the unfair authorities, the council association, and the water supply users over the operation of water supply in Incheon in the 1920s and 30s. In colonial Joseon, like imperial Japan, the principle of public corporationism run by local organizations was applied to waterworks. Incheon-Bu is suitable as an example of various variables surrounding water supply and their responses. Incheon was a city that enjoyed relative abundance in the production of tap water due to its ample water supply compared to other cities. However, between 1910 and 1936, the water supply rate of Incheon-bu was gradually decreasing. Compared to the population growth rate, the rate of increase in the number of water supply used was lower, and the numerical difference in the rate of use by ethnicity was also clear. Why was the penetration rate low in Incheon, which was expected to be equal in the distribution of tap water? The first one is “Bu-Young.” The transfer of management to wealth with weak fiscal independence was a factor that weakened publicness. The second was the increase in rates and the change in the method of collecting fees. The Incheon-Bu implemented a metering system in 1924 to increase the actual water bill. In addition, the burden was increased by equally sharing the pay-as-you-go system to users of the “public tap water”, which is a jointly used street fountion. In particular, the public tap water used by most Koreans. The transition to a pay-as-you-go system was a system that users had to jointly pay up to the amount they did not use. In addition, since the person who managed the capital was an unpaid “chong-dae,” he often did not pay the water bill on time, embezzled it, and the water tank was submerged. As these problems accumulated, Shinhwasuri, a region of Koreans, formed a alliance not to drink tap water and responded. It was a kind of boycott of tap water. The cause of the problem was the implementation of an expensive water bill and a metering system that did not consider the poor class compared to the ability to pay. In the 1930s, demands were raised in the Incheon community to lower the high-priced water bill, leading to the revision of the ordinance. However, there was also a demand for lowering the high-priced water rate for the small class, but in reality, it was intended to lower the water rate for commercial and industrial use in terms of urban development to promote industrialization. In addition, with the inauguration of Nagai Governor, as the tightening fiscal policy began, a contract system (sales system) was implemented to entrust the joint capital to one person. The Incheon Metropolitan Government entrusted the management of the joint capital through the contract system to obtain the desired profits as they were and to leave the annoyance of management to the manager. The contractors charged a fee when selling tap water, which was very expensive, causing complaints from users. Therefore, users formed a water supply autonomous community and responded. Furthermore, the Incheon Regional Council raised an opinion that the water supply rate of small Koreans should be increased, and the issue of discrimination against water supply facilities continued. However, unless the contradiction of the principle of beneficiary burden and the high-priced water supply fee according to the metering system disappeared, a drastic increase in the water supply rate was a long way off. The water supply, examined through the Incheon-Bu, is the point where discrimination by class and discrimination by ethnicity intersect. In this paper, it was intended to clarify that the principle of beneficiary burden and the principle of economic liberalism, which is a metric system, already implies economic-hierarchical discrimination, and if this principle is applied to colonies, it leads to discrimination by ethnicity. In short, economic liberalism and colonialism represented by capitalism are not separate but simultaneously constructed.
참고문헌 (187)
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- "濟物夜話 一記者", 東亞日報, ~ (1924)
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- "交通遮斷區域突破 松峴과 金谷까지 漫然", 東亞日報, ~ (1929)
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- "總患者十五名中 死亡者男女九名", 中外日報, ~ (1929)
- "新花水里一帶 全部消毒", 中外日報, ~ (1929)
- "仁川과 船便잦은 麻浦警戒", 中外日報, ~ (1929)
- "附近이 共飮한 山根町井水", 東亞日報, ~ (1929)
- "仁川府水道 給水條例改正", 中外日報, ~ (1930)
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- "저가의 공업용수 공급을 꾀하며", 朝鮮新聞, ~ (1932)
- "모든 공업의 발달을 꾀하며", 朝鮮新聞, ~ (1932)
- 김락기, "인천의 긴요문제(1932)" (2006), 인천학연구원
- 永井照雄, "仁川府", 朝鮮, 254, pp.32~34 (1936)
- "昨年度보다 三萬餘圓 減少", 東亞日報, ~ (1931)
- "片務的道路改修를 猛烈히 追擊 水道料金을 減下할수 없는가 仁川府議第二日", 每日申報, ~ (1931)
- "特別한 波瀾없이 一讀會를 終了", 東亞日報, ~ (1931)
- "道路工事의 差別을 論難", 東亞日報, ~ (1931)
- "水道費 問題와 道路施設의 差別", 朝鮮日報, ~ (1931)
- "仁川水道는 一般會計로 編入", 每日申報, ~ (1924)
- "仁川府協議會", 東亞日報, ~ (1924)
- "仁川府新年度豫算", 東亞日報, ~ (1931)
- "仁川府關係書類綴, 仁川府, 仁川府水道府外給水條例中改正ノ件", 국가기록원 소장, 관리번호 CJA0002856, ~
- "조일양조 착정으로 장의리 수흉년", 東亞日報, ~ (1931)
- "一萬 二千戶에 水道使用 四割", 朝鮮日報, ~ (1932)
- "금년도 예산 신규시설전무", 東亞日報, ~ (1932)
- "仁川府議第三日 水道料減下는 增稅憂慮不無 傳染病院忌避는 朝鮮人업는 原因 言語不通으로 信賴키가 不能", 每日申報, ~ (1932)
- "인천부수도급수조례 개정", 每日申報, ~ (1932)
- "仁川府水道給水條例中改正ノ件", 국가기록원 소장, 관리번호 CJA0002778, ~
- 村田孚, "京仁線의 電鐵化와 기타", 朝鮮新聞, ~ (1932)
- "仁川府內의 水道料金을 减下 公設二割, 工業六割餘", 中央日報, ~ (1933)
- "仁川水道料金 약간 싸진다 일로 인하야 부의 세입에선 一萬三千餘圓減收", 每日申報, ~ (1933)
- "半年을 經過해도 水道料 不減下", 東亞日報, ~ (1932)
- "仁川府水道料金ニ関スル件", 仁川府關係書類(CJA0002778), ~ (1931)
- "仁川府水道料金ニ関スル件", 1083~1089 (1931)
- "仁川桃山町水道總代 水道料金을 橫領 被害者는 警察署에 告訴 給水制度에 一大芥陷", 每日申報, ~ (1932)
- "仁川府內에는 飮料水詐取頻頻 規則을 모르고 鍵을 借用해 過渡期의 無知가 나은 罪", 每日申報, ~ (1932)
- "仁川給水使用者 對照 안되는 比例", 東亞日報, ~ (1933)
- "仁川共用水道 販賣制變更 현재의 방법은 불공평하야 明春四月부터 新制", 每日申報, ~ (1933)
- "水道販賣制 改正으로 府民의 不平爆發", 東亞日報, ~
- "反對府民들이 府當局에 陳靖", 東亞日報, ~ (1934)
- "仁川府內에 井水大恐慌", 東亞日報, ~ (1934)
- "仁川府內의 井水를 檢査", 東亞日報, ~ (1934)
- "仁川水道 販賣制도 一般府民에 被害莫大", 東亞日報, ~ (1934)
- "水道에 仲商 둔 후 府民의 負擔 過重", 朝鮮日報, ~ (1934)
- "販賣制度의 廢止는 反對", 東亞日報, ~ (1934)
- "多數民衆이 使用하는 井水의 水質이 突變", 東亞日報, ~ (1934)
- "論鋒은 上水道에 集中 水産市場도 追擊 議長失言問題로 一時騷然 仁川府會第二日", 每日申報, ~ (1934)
- "共同水道販賣制를 府會서 猛烈攻擊", 東亞日報, ~ (1934)
- "仁川上水道 販賣制度 歲入減少, 府民不平", 東亞日報, ~ (1934)
- "水道販賣制로 仁川府의 紛糾", 朝鮮日報, ~ (1934)
- "組合組織を断行せよ!", 朝鮮每日新聞, ~ (1934)
- "仁川府廳員 十三名 解任", 東亞日報, ~ (1934)
- "水道販賣實施로 廳員 十三名 解職", 朝鮮日報, ~ (1934)
- "仁川府內 井水 七割이 不適", 東亞日報, ~ (1934)
- "仁川細民層에 飮料水 大不足", 朝鮮日報, ~ (1934)
- "仁川 傳染病 六月中의 狀況", 東亞日報, ~ (1934)
- "問題의 仁川 上水道 畢竟 料金을 減下", 東亞日報, ~ (1934)
- "仁川府의 水道料 減下", 朝鮮日報, ~ (1934)
- "仁川 上水道 宣傳에 不平", 東亞日報, ~ (1934)
- "仁川水道使用者組合을 全部結成", 朝鮮中央日報, ~ (1934)
- "傳染病院設備不完 道路修理에 差別", 東亞日報, ~ (1932)
- "汚物의 掃除까지 極度로 差別施設", ~ (1932)
- 문영주, "20세기 전반기 인천 지역경제와 식민지근대 -인천상업회의소(1916년~1929년)와 재조일본인(在朝日本人)-", 인천학연구, 1(10), pp.141~166 (2009), 인천학연구원
- 전병무, "일제하 경성지방법원 인천지청 폐지반대운동 연구", 인천학연구, 1(16), pp.147~181 (2012), 인천학연구원
- "公設給水使用者組合の美譚", 仁川彙報, 6, pp.12~ (1934)
- "仁川公設水道 又一脈暗影", 東亞日報, ~ (1934)
- "販賣制實施後 消費水量 激減", 東亞日報, ~ (1935)
- "水道販賣制實以後로 細民層 二重受難", 朝鮮日報, ~ (1935)
- "인천부내 조선인 수도사용 逐年 감소", 朝鮮日報, ~ (1935)
- "水道水 利用못하는 者 總戶數의 七割强", 東亞日報, ~ (1935)
- "仁川水道管 大修理計劃", 東亞日報, ~ (1936)
- "遂年 問題化하는 仁川水道問題", 朝鮮日報, ~ (1936)
- "水道敷設을 公平히 하라", 東亞日報, ~ (1936)
- "仁川府水道水源池 金浦에 新設計劃", 每日申報, ~ (1936)
- "仁川府 北村 一帶에 水道管을 增設", 朝鮮日報, ~ (1937)
- "府會果然大論戰 仁川水道費問題로 質問陣의 共同戰線", 每日申報, ~ (1937)
- 이슬아, "1930~40년대 경인지역의 공업용 수도사업", 석사, pp.2019
- "鐵飢饉의 影響 水道敷設에까지 仁川水道 敷設料도 引上", 朝鮮日報, ~ (1937)
- "十六萬圓으로 仁川水道工事", 朝鮮日報, ~ (1937)
- "鐵材價 暴騰으로 水道擴張 中止?", 朝鮮日報, ~ (1938)
- "材料價格騰貴로 水道工事를 中止", 朝鮮日報, ~ (1938)
- "水道鐵管 代用品 ‘에다니트 파이프’ 使用", 朝鮮日報, ~ (1938)
- "仁川府에 水道飢饉, 鐵材難으로 工事 ‘스톱’", 朝鮮日報, ~ (1939)
- "鐵材의 飢饉으로 水道擴張工事를 中止", 朝鮮日報, ~ (1939)
- "仁川工業用水道 十二日에 起工式", 朝鮮日報, ~ (1939)
- "富平에 大工場地 建設 工業用水道 起工式", 東亞日報, ~ (1939)
- "水源池 仁川府에 水道使用者 三割", 東亞日報, ~ (1937)
