일제하 대형 댐의 건설과 ‘개발재난’: 일본질소의 부전강수력발전소 건설 사례를 중심으로
Construction of Large Dams Under the Japanese Rule in Korea and “Development Disaster”: A Case Study of Nitchitsu’s Construction of Bujeongang Hydroelectric Power Plant
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As a key industry, electric power industries characteristically involve large engineering works, which irreversibly change the community and environment of the development area. This article traced Nitchitsu’s building of Bujeongang Hydroelectric Power Plant and its concomitant change in the development area. It was the first-ever construction project promoted in Korea for a large dam. It was notable how, after the construction of the dam, every conceivable disaster increased in the development area. This was due to the radical environmental changes. It was concluded that “development itself was a disaster” in the local society of colonial Korea, where political, legal, and social regulations regarding development were poor. This study expounded three significant points. First, Nitchitsu adopted the latest construction technology called the watershed change method and large-dam structure when they built the Bujeongang Hydroelectric Power Plant. After development, however, disasters occurred frequently in the area due to the change of fluvial landform. It was because the Government–General exempted Nitchitsu from a water tax, which was imposed on river maintenance construction. It was exempted because they were unable to finance the damage prevention. Nitchitsu hurriedly drove construction without measuring the quantity of flow properly. After completion, conflicts about securing the lacking quantity occurred time and again. Furthermore, Hamheung Irrigation Association was constructed downriver to use Nitchitsu’s effluents. Due to the construction of the power plant, the overflow reached the plain area downstream serially, spreading damage. Second, after construction of the power plant, disasters from environmental change increased sharply in the area. In spring, as water dried up due to drought, the company put restrictions on drain capacity to secure pondage for generation of electric power. This repeated the damage to a rice field that dried up annually during the rice planting season in the area of the Irrigation Association. Floods in summertime and freezing temperatures in winter caused collapse and breakage at the plant facilities. Therefore, the resultant damage of overflow, water leakage, and gush occurred frequently. There were successive disasters caused directly by the operational plant. There were, for example, the collapse of the village’s embankment after gathering gravel for construction work, or surprise closure of sluices to protect facilities of the plant. Third, Nitchitsu had already experienced damage in Japan with plant construction, advance preparation, post-factum provision of measures, and compensation, but did not execute these in colonial Korea, enlarging the damage. This was the result of a corporate strategy that capitalized from a sociopolitical difference between Japan and colonial Korea. It was the result of the choice made by a colonial administrative organ that sacrificed “residents” for the convenience of “the company”. In summary, for the locals, development did not mean a level road to “modernization” or “richness”; for them, it brought about a history of disaster where they had to suffer menace in their subsistence and living for the profit of the enterprise.
Abstract
As a key industry, electric power industries characteristically involve large engineering works, which irreversibly change the community and environment of the development area. This article traced Nitchitsu’s building of Bujeongang Hydroelectric Power Plant and its concomitant change in the development area. It was the first-ever construction project promoted in Korea for a large dam. It was notable how, after the construction of the dam, every conceivable disaster increased in the development area. This was due to the radical environmental changes. It was concluded that “development itself was a disaster” in the local society of colonial Korea, where political, legal, and social regulations regarding development were poor. This study expounded three significant points. First, Nitchitsu adopted the latest construction technology called the watershed change method and large-dam structure when they built the Bujeongang Hydroelectric Power Plant. After development, however, disasters occurred frequently in the area due to the change of fluvial landform. It was because the Government–General exempted Nitchitsu from a water tax, which was imposed on river maintenance construction. It was exempted because they were unable to finance the damage prevention. Nitchitsu hurriedly drove construction without measuring the quantity of flow properly. After completion, conflicts about securing the lacking quantity occurred time and again. Furthermore, Hamheung Irrigation Association was constructed downriver to use Nitchitsu’s effluents. Due to the construction of the power plant, the overflow reached the plain area downstream serially, spreading damage. Second, after construction of the power plant, disasters from environmental change increased sharply in the area. In spring, as water dried up due to drought, the company put restrictions on drain capacity to secure pondage for generation of electric power. This repeated the damage to a rice field that dried up annually during the rice planting season in the area of the Irrigation Association. Floods in summertime and freezing temperatures in winter caused collapse and breakage at the plant facilities. Therefore, the resultant damage of overflow, water leakage, and gush occurred frequently. There were successive disasters caused directly by the operational plant. There were, for example, the collapse of the village’s embankment after gathering gravel for construction work, or surprise closure of sluices to protect facilities of the plant. Third, Nitchitsu had already experienced damage in Japan with plant construction, advance preparation, post-factum provision of measures, and compensation, but did not execute these in colonial Korea, enlarging the damage. This was the result of a corporate strategy that capitalized from a sociopolitical difference between Japan and colonial Korea. It was the result of the choice made by a colonial administrative organ that sacrificed “residents” for the convenience of “the company”. In summary, for the locals, development did not mean a level road to “modernization” or “richness”; for them, it brought about a history of disaster where they had to suffer menace in their subsistence and living for the profit of the enterprise.
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- "八十餘名農民이 咸興水組에 殺到 給水不足의 對策을 要求", 매일신보, ~ (1936)
- "咸興水組問題 解决은 在邇 문제는 식부시기의 변조로 小島咸南道技師談", 매일신보, ~ (1936)
- "咸鏡南道, 咸水蒙利區內一部の灌漑水不足を來す, 植付を前に憂慮さる朝窒の統制が原因か", 朝鮮新聞, ~ (1932)
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- "道의 「現地調査」로 設備如何론 取水可能, 咸興水組의 水源問題", 동아일보, ~ (1937)
- "朝窒의 鐵管水로 新興仁坪江汎濫", 동아일보, ~ (1931)
- "咸鏡南道, 咸水蒙利區內一部の灌漑水不足を來す, 植付を前に憂慮さる朝窒の統制が原因か", 朝鮮新聞, ~ (1932)
- "八十餘名農民이 咸興水組에 殺到 給水不足의 對策을 要求", 매일신보, ~ (1936)
- "水電社의 江水引用으로 三千住民에水饑饉", 동아일보, ~ (1930)
- "新興砂石問題 又復住民騷動-서장이하 총출동하야 主謀者四名을 檢擧", 중외일보, ~ (1930)
- "朝窒社防江에 住民再次抗爭", 동아일보, ~ (1931)
- "淸潭,永川兩江막어 六里七百戶가廢農", 동아일보, ~ (1932)
- "百三十餘町沃土는 龜裂枯着의 慘狀 水電會社에서 江水를 引用하야 新興郡永高面民大擧陳情", 매일신보, ~ (1932)
- "水電工事中堤防決潰 苗板全部를 流失 新興郡仁坪里六十戶農民은 一年農作이 水泡化", 매일신보, ~ (1932)
- "水電工事中堤防決潰 苗板全部를 流失 新興郡仁坪里六十戶農民은 一年農作이 水泡化", 매일신보, ~ (1932)
- 1930年代の朝鮮半島における水力発電所建設技術と建設体制: ‘帝国の建設協働体’試論, "谷川竜一", ~, pp.国際研究集会‘植民地帝国日本における知と権力’報告書 51 (2018)
- "水電工事中堤防決潰 苗板全部를 流失 新興郡仁坪里六十戶農民은 一年農作이 水泡化", 매일신보, ~ (1932)
- "朝窒鐵管으로 住民又陳情", 동아일보, ~ (1931)
- "朝窒의 鐵管水로 新興仁坪江汎濫", 동아일보, ~ (1931)
- 朝鮮窒素, "부전강 第3區 堤放水에 따른 피해 見舞金의 건", 朝鮮窒素稟議書 昭和15年度(『日窒抄錄』 176-2-52), 1343~ (1940)