슈미트의 『정치적 낭만주의』에서의 가톨릭 현실정치의 이론
Carl Schmitt’s Catholic Realpolitik in Political Romanticism
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독일 법학자 카를 슈미트의 1919년 작 『정치적 낭만주의』는 낭만주의 비판서로 알려져 있다. 그런데 실제로 그가 비판하고 있는 대상은 대체로 현대의 독자나 연구자들에 의해 낭만주의의 대표자로 생각되지 않는 19세기 독일의 철학자이자 정치가 아담 뮐러와 그가 속한 이른바 ‘정치적 낭만주의’다. 여기서 우리는 두 가지 질문을 던질수밖에 없다. 첫째, 왜 하필 아담 뮐러를 비판했는가? 둘째, 그 자신이 가톨릭 보수주의자였던 슈미트는 왜 가톨릭주의와 보수주의를 특징으로 하는 뮐러와 프리드리히 슐레겔의 정치적 낭만주의를 비판의대상으로 삼았는가? 첫 번째 질문에 대한 답을 하기 위해서 본 연구는 바이마르 공화국 시대에 ‘아담 뮐러 르네상스’가 있었다는 점에 주목하고자 한다. 현대의 평가와는 달리 제1차 세계대전 패전 이후 아담 뮐러는 ‘독일적’ 정치, 경제, 신학 이론의 원천으로 여겨졌고, 슈미트의 책은 바로 이러한 흐름에 대한 반발이었다. 두 번째 질문에 대한 답은 슈미트의 정치적 가톨릭주의에서 찾을 수 있다. 그는 뮐러를비롯한 19세기 초반의 가톨릭 보수주의자들과 달리 교황이나 교회의 정치적 역할을 기대해서는 안 된다고 믿었으며, 독일의 가톨릭주의자들이 과거 자신들에 대한 적대정책의 일부였던 ‘현실정치’를 적극적으로 수용해야 한다고 보았다. 즉, 슈미트는 입법부를 압도하는강한 집행부 중심의 독재정부를 가톨릭주의자들이 지지하고 주도해야 한다는 입장을 전개했다.
Abstract
A German constitutional lawyer, Carl Schmitt’s Political Romanticism has generally been read as a critique of German Romanticism and liberalism as a whole. His main target of criticism, however, was a 19th century German philosopher and politician Adam Müller and political romantics. They would generally not be considered as the legitimate representatives of Romanticism or liberalism by our contemporaries. I raise and answer the two following questions regarding the representative and political qualities of Adam Müller and political romantics. First, why was it particularly Adam Müller? It was because Müller was considered as the main source of uniquely ‘German’ politics, economics and theology, transcending the inner-political oppositions by Schmitt’s contemporaries in the Weimar Republic era whom Schmitt directly opposed. Second, why did Schmitt, a Catholic conservative, reject political romantics who praised conservative and reactionary Restoration and the Catholic Church in their time? It was because, unlike political romantics, Schmitt considered Ultramontanism as unrealistic and believed that German Catholics should not only support but also lead a dictatorial government in which the executive overruled the legislative by accepting the theory and practice of Realpolitik.
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