고전시대 이후 (17-19세기) 예니체리의 정체성 문제— 출신, 영성, 네트워크
The Question of Janissaries’ Identity in the Post-Classsical Period (17th to 19th Century): Origins, Spirituality, and Networks
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이 논문은 대중적으로 흔히 확고한 순니 무슬림 군대라는 인식이 있어온 예니체리 군단의 종교적 정체성에 대해 탐구하려는 의도를 가지고, 고전시대 이후 예니체리의 종교적 출신 배경, 이들과 결속되어 있었던 혼합적이고 절충적인 벡타시 신앙, 예니체리가 사회 안에서 가지게 되었던 관계의 네트워크를 살펴보았다. 필자는 데브시르메가 종결된 고전시대 이후에도 기독교인 출신으로 개종 후 예니체리가 된 인원이 지속적으로 존재했고 일부 요직을 맡은 자도 있었음을 법정문서에서 확인할 수 있었으며, 예니체리 연대들이 금융 및 경제활동으로 세력을 확장하는 가운데 기독교인 성직자 및 상인들과도 밀접한 협조관계속에 있었음을 확인하였다. 예니체리 군단의 정체성은 결론적으로 말하자면 단순히 순니 무슬림 군대라고 하기보다는 훨씬 복합적이었고, 고전시대 이후 온갖 경계가 무너진 오스만 사회의 혼합적 특질을 잘반영하는 오스만 군대였다고 할 수 있다.
Abstract
This article intends to explore the identity of janissaries, which has been popularly assumed as being firmly Sunni Muslim, by looking into the religious backgrounds of recruits in the post-Classical Age, the eclectic beliefs of the Bektashis that were associated with janissaries, and the social networks that they developed. Court records attest to the continuous existence of Christian-turned janissaries some of whom were promoted to important positions in the regiments even as devshirme was reduced and eventually abandoned; records also attest to the janissaries’ close cooperation with the Christian clergy and merchants in their attempts to expand their influence through financial and commercial activities. In short, the identity of janissaries was much more complex than to be simply defined as a Sunni Muslim force; they were rather an Ottoman force, reflecting the mixed nature of post-Classical Ottoman society where most of the pre-existing boundaries were destroyed.
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