백두산 서편의 제천유적과 B.C.4000년~A.D.600년경 요동･요서･한반도의 ‘환호를 두른 구릉성 제천시설’에 나타난 맥족의 선도제천문화권
The Heaven Ritual祭天 relics in the west of Mt. Baektu白頭 and the cultural domain of Maek貊 race's Heaven Ritual Culture seen through ‘hilly Heaven Ritual facilities with a moat' in Liaodong遼東･Liaoxi遼西･Korean Peninsula during around B.C.4000~A.D.600
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1990년대 중국측은 ‘요하문명론-장백산문화론’에 따라 백두산 일대에서 홍산문화(선상문화･예제문화)의 요소를 찾아내고자 하였고 일차적으로 백두산 서편 통화지역의 적석 단･총에 주목하였다. 통화 일대의 고제단 연구는 1989년 여명 제단의 발견에서 시작되었는데, 중국 당국의 주목을 받아 1990년대 10여년간 만발발자 제단 및 여명 제단을 위시하여 무려 40여기에 이르는 고제단군이 발굴조사 되었다. 발굴 결과를 종합해보면, 백두산 서편 제천유적의 기본 성격은 B.C.4000년~A.D.600년경 환호를 두른 구릉성 제천시설(3층원단･선돌･적석단･제천사류)로 정리된다. 이는 요서 우하량 상층적석총 단계(B.C.3500년~B.C.3000년경)의 환호를 두른 구릉성 제천시설(3층원단류), 청동기~초기철기시대 한반도 남부의 환호를 두른 구릉성 제천시설(적석단･나무솟대･제천사･선돌류)로 계승되었다. 필자는 이상의 ① B.C.4000년~A.D.600년경 요동 백두산 서편지역의 환호를 두른 구릉성 제천시설(3층원단･선돌･적석단･제천사류), ② B.C.3500년~B.C.3000년경 요서 우하량지역의 환호를 두른 구릉성 제천시설(3층원단류), ③ 청동기~초기철기시대 한반도 남부지역의 환호를 두른 구릉성 제천시설(적석단･나무솟대･제천사･선돌류)을 동일 계통 유적으로 보고, ‘B.C.4000년~A.D.600년경 요동･요서･한반도의 환호를 두른 구릉성 제천시설(3층원단･적석단･나무솟대･제천사･선돌류)로 총칭해보았다. 중국측이 ‘요하문명론-장백산문화론’을 추진해간 결과 아이러니하게도 B.C.4000년~A.D.600년경 요동･요서･한반도지역을 관통하던 ‘맥족계 선도제천문화권’의 존재가 드러난 것이다.
Abstract
In the 1990s, the Chinese academic circles sought to find elements of Hungshan Culture(Ritual禮制 Culture･Pre-Shang先商 Culture) in Mt. Baekdu area according to ‘the Liao-ho river civilization theory遼河文明論 - the Mt. Changbai culture theory長白山文化論’. Especially they paid attention to the stone mound altar･tomb(the ancient altars) in Tonghua通化 area, the west of Mt. Baekdu. Tonghua area in the west of Mt. Baekdu was the center of Maek race(the chief race of Korean race)’s cultural domain which has been populated and flourished since Baedalkook倍達國, Dangun Joseon檀君朝鮮, Goguryeo高句麗, and Balhae渤海. The research on the ancient altars in the west of Mt. Baektu began in 1989 starting with the discovery of ‘the Liming黎明 altar’ in Tonghua, which received the attention of the Chinese academic circles and the Communist Party of China and about 40 altar relics, including two core altars, ‘the Liming altar’ and ‘the Wanfabozi萬發撥子 altar’ in Tonghua, were surveyed and excavated. According to the excavation results, the basic characteristics of Heaven Ritual relics in the west of Mt. Baektu can be summarized as 'the hilly Heaven Ritual facilities with a moat(the three-layer circular altar･the Menhir･the shrine for Heaven Ritual)' during around B.C.4000~A.D.600. 'The hilly Heaven Ritual facilities with a moat(the three-layer circular altar)' was unearthed in the upper-layer of stone-mound tombs上層積石塚 of Uaryang牛河梁, Liaoxi area, during around the late of Hungshan culture(B.C.3500~B.C.3000). It was succeeded to 'the hilly Heaven Ritual facilities with a moat(the stone mound altar･the tree Sotdae(Heavenly Pole)･the shrine for Heaven Ritual･the Menhir)' in the southern part of Korean Peninsula during around Bronze Age~early Iron Age. ① the hilly Heaven Ritual facilities with a moat(the three-layer circular altar･the Menhir･the shrine for Heaven Ritual)' in the west of Mt. Baektu during around B.C.4000~A.D.600, ② the hilly Heaven Ritual facilities with a moat(the three-layer circular altar)' in Uaryang, Liaoxi, during around B.C.3500~B.C.3000, ③ the hilly Heaven Ritual facilities with a moat(the stone mound altar･the tree Sotdae(Heavenly Pole)･the shrine for Heaven Ritual･the Menhir)' in the southern part of Korean Peninsula during around Bronze Age~early Iron Age, are the same type relics. Therefore they can be collectively called as 'the hilly Heaven Ritual facilities with a moat in Liaodong･Liaoxi･Korean Peninsula during around B.C.4000~A.D.600'. Ironically, the cultural domain of Maek race's Heaven Ritual Culture was revealed by 'the Liao-ho river civilization theory - the Mt. Changbai culture theory' of the Chinese academic circles.