홍산문화기 우하량 ‘3층-원·방-환호’형 적석 단총제의 등장 배경과 백두산 서편 맥족의 요서 진출

Abstract

The stone-mound tomb tradition of Liaoxi遼西 area, which was started in the area of Xilanmulun River西拉木倫河 during Xinglongwa興隆窪 Culture, was revived around the area of Daling River大凌河 during the middle of Hungshan culture. The period classification of Uaryang stone-mound tomb, which is a typical stone-mound tomb in the area of Daling River, is as follows. ① Lowest relics period : the early of Hungshan Culture(B.C.4500∼B.C.4000) ② Lower-layer of stonemound tomb period : the middle of Hungshan culture(B.C.4000∼B.C.3500) ③ Upper-layer of stone-mound tomb period : the late of Hungshan culture(B.C.3500∼B.C.3000). ③ period can divide into early and late period again. The tomb form of ① period was ‘pit burial’ and the case of ② period was ‘stone-mound tomb with flagstone and surrounding non-bottom tubular potteries無底筒形器’, succeeded ‘stone-mound tomb with surrounding stone walls’ since Xinglongwa Culture. By ③ period, the size of stone-mound tomb was enlarged suddenly and a whole new form, ‘three layer-circle⋅square-moat’ typed altar⋅tomb was emerged. Particularly noteworthy here is the branching process of ‘circle altar⋅square tomb’. Originally the tomb began in a circular shape and served as an altar. Next, by ③ period, the square altar appeared as a subsidiary altar of a huge circular tomb(altar). As the circle altar for pure altar use was newly introduced, the tomb was separated from the pure altar and became square shape. Through these process, the altar became circle shape and the tomb became circle shape(since Xinglongwa Culture) or square shape(since the late of Hungshan culture). The ‘three-layered circular altar⋅tomb with attached square altar’ type, which appeared at the beginning of ③ period, was first started in the western part of Mt. Baektu白頭. Also the ancient altars in the western part of Mt. Baektu featured the hilly location, the three-layered circular altar and moat. These features was the same as ‘three layer-circle⋅square-moat’ typed altar⋅tomb of ③ period in Uaryang area. These showed that ‘three layer-circle⋅square-moat’ typed altar⋅tomb of ③ period started from the western part of Mt. Baekdu and spreaded to Uaryang area. As the elements of ‘circle⋅square’ and ‘three-layer’ reflected ‘Circle⋅Square⋅Triangle (Chun天⋅Ji地⋅In人) thoughts’ of Sundo仙道, we can find out that ‘three layer-circle⋅square-moat’ typed altar⋅tomb was the result of the full-scale development of the Sundo Heaven Ritual祭天 Culture. During ③ period, the combination of the top of ‘the stone-mound tomb with surrounding stone walls since Xinglongwa Culture’ and the overlay of ‘three layer-circle⋅square-moat’ appeared. As ‘the stone-mound tomb with surrounding stone walls since Xinglongwa Culture’ was old type and ‘three layer-circle⋅square-moat’, which was started in the western part of Mt. Baektu was new type, the combination of the two shows that the old Sundo Heaven Ritual Culture in Liaoxi area and the new Sundo Heaven Ritual Culture in Liaodong遼東 area were combined into one.