흑수백산지구 소남산문화 ‘옥벽류(벽⋅환⋅결)’의요서지구 흥륭와문화 ‘결’로의 전파: 유라시아 신석기 선도제천문화의 계승과 확산 사례

Abstract

The Byeog(璧) types that were prevalent in the Paleolithic Baikal areaswere representative ‘Ki(氣)-energy’ symbols that expressed Ki-energy feltby the people of the time, along with Great Mother Goddess(母神) statuesand holy animal(神獸) statues. The circular shape and the square shape witha cut edge were the basic types, but various variations had emerged. Inaddition, Ki-energy patterns such as vortexes were expressed on its surface. After a long incubation period, these Byeog types led to Ogbyeogtypes(Byeog, Hwan, Gyeol made of jade) of Xiaonanshan Culture thatemerged in Ussuri(烏蘇里) River on Dongbei Plains(東北平原) around B.C.7000. By Xiaonanshan Culture, Sundo Heaven rituals culture represented by‘stone-mound AltarㆍTomb, Great Mother Goddess statues, jade tools’ hademerged and among jade tools, which were the major indicators of Sundo Heaven rituals, Ogbyeog types(ByeogㆍHwanㆍGyeol) were the mostimportant and intensively produced. Ogbyeog types were established as therepresentative jade tool of Heilongjiang River(黑龍江)-Mt.Baekdusan(白頭山)areas as a symbol of the newly developed Sundo Heaven rituals culture. Ogbyeog types of Heilongjiang River-Mt.Baekdusan areas, led byXiaonanshan culture, had a time difference of about 1,000 years and spreadto Xinglongwa Culture in Liaoxi(遼西) areas around B.C.6000. Among thethree types of Ogbyeog prevalent in Heilongjiang River-Mt. Baekdusanareas, only Gyeol type was spread, or Gyeol and Bi(匕) types were spreadto Xinglongwa Culture. These phenomena can be analyzed to be due tothe fact that Gyeol type or Gyeol and Bi types, which had relatively strongtendency as personal prestige items, were delivered to the local ruling forcesas being spread the Sundo Heaven rituals culture. According to the propagation route, Gyeol or Bi types were firstintroduced to Baiyinzhanghan(白音長汗) type of Xinglongwa culture aroundXilamulunhe(西拉木倫河) River, and then to Chahai(査海) type aroundDalinghe(大凌河) River. This showed that the grassland roads alongwest-Liaohe(遼河) River and Xilamulunhe River were the primary route ofpropagation between Heilongjiang River-Mt. Baekdusan areas and Liaoxi areas. The people who led Xiaonanshan culture were Hwanin(桓因) tribe ofHwankuk(桓國) and they later led to Maek(貊) tribe(Hwanung桓雄 tribe + Ung熊 tribe, the origin of Korean people) of Baedalkuk(倍達國). It was not untilthe late period of Hongsan culture that all three types of Ogbyeog wereintroduced to the Liaoxi areas. Since the opening of Baedalkuk on the westside of Mt.Baekdusan, the Ogbyeog types of Maek tribe had been spreadto the Liaoxi areas intact in the process of Maek tribe’s advancement intoLiaoxi areas. As such, this paper revealed the direction of the westward propagationof Sundo Heaven Rituals Culture that emerged in the HeilongjiangRiver-Mt.Baekdusan areas. In the next step, we have access to the veryimportant research topic, the westward propagation of Sundo HeavenRituals Culture passed through the Altai grasslands and spread to the Black Sea coast and Europe in succession. We have found clues to solve theEast-West negotiation of the Eurasian Sundo Heaven Rituals Culture in theneolithic period.