만경강유역 마한 성립기 외래문물의 유입과 전개
The Inflow and Development of Foreign Cultures during the Establishment of Mahan on the Mangyeong River Basin
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초록
중국사서인 『삼국지』와 『후한서』 기록을 토대로 준왕 남래 시기의 한반도에는 韓 또는 馬韓이 있었던 것으로 본다. 그리고 최근 고고학적 자료로 볼 때, 만경강유역은 마한 성립기 유적이 가장 밀집된 마한 성립기 중심지임을 알 수 있다. 당시 만경강유역은 재지의 송국리문화가 중심을 이룬 가운데 외래의 점토대토기문화가 유입되면서 무덤은 재지의 지석묘나 석관묘와 유사한 적석목관묘가 축조되지만 크게 확산되지 못한다. 이어서 토광(목관)묘가 축조되지만 역시 처음에는 산발적인 분포를 보이다 준왕의 남래를 계기로 토광(목관)묘가 군집을 이루면서 만경강유역 전역으로 확산된다. 만경강유역에 준왕세력이 안정적으로 정착할 수 있었던 배경은 준왕 남래 이전에 유입된 토광(목관)묘 축조집단과 관련된다. 결론적으로 만경강유역은 준왕의 남래를 계기로 서기전 3세기 이전부터 대외 교류 네트워크가 형성됨으로써 다른 어느 지역보다 발달된 청동기와 철기문화 등 차별화된 문화적 역량을 기반으로 지속적인 발전을 보인다. 이러한 배경에는 중국 남부의 유리구슬과 동주식동검, 북부의 철기 등 다양한 인적‧물적 교류가 있었기에 가능했다. 물론 만경강유역을 중심으로 한(마한)의 정치체가 발전할 수 있었던 것은 주민의 이주를 통한 선진문물의 유입도 있었겠지만, 그러한 외부 문화를 받아들일 수 있었던 재지 송국리문화인들의 유연하고 우호적인 개방성이라 할 수 있다. 즉, 외부로부터 지속적으로 청동기 및 철기문화를 받아들이면서 자체적으로 발전해 나아갔고 마한 정치체 가운데 만경강유역에서 가장 발전된 사회를 이룩한 것으로 보인다.
Abstract
According to the records of the Chinese historical books 『Romance of the Three Kingdoms』 and 『Book of Later Han』, it is believed that Han or Mahan existed on the Korean Peninsula during King Jun's southward migration. In addition, as evident from the recent archaeological data, the Mangyeong River basin has the highest concentration of relics from the Mahan establishment period, indicating that the Mangyeong River basin was the center during the Mahan establishment period. At that time, the Mangyeong River basin was dominated by the Songguk-ri local culture and, with the influx of foreign clay pottery culture, wooden coffin tombs made of stones similar to the local dolmen and stone tombs started to be built, even though they did not spread significantly. Subsequently, although earthenware (wooden coffin) tombs were built, their distribution was sporadic at first, while, with the arrival of King Jun, earthenware (wooden coffin) tombs formed a cluster and spread throughout the Mangyeong River basin. The reason for the stable settlement of King Jun's forces in the Mangyeong River basin area is related to the group who constructed earthenware (wooden coffin) tombs that were introduced prior to the southern move of King Jun. In conclusion, the Mangyeong River basin shows continuous development owing to differentiated cultural capabilities based on bronze and iron culture, which were more developed than any other regions through exchange networks with the outside world motivated by the arrival of King Jun. This was possible because of various exchanges, including glass beads from southern China, bronze swords with copper beams, and ironware from northern China. As a matter of course, the advance of the Han (Mahan) political system centered on the Mangyeong River basin may have been due to the influx of advanced civilization through the migration of residents, but what ultimately made it possible to accept such culture might be said to be attributed to the flexible and friendly openness of the Songguk-ri culture people in the area. In other words, it developed independently while continuously accepting bronze and iron culture from outside. It appears that the most developed society among the Mahan polities could be created in this process following the inflow of advanced iron culture thanks to the southern migration of King Jun at the same time. Evidently, the Mangyeong River basin was able to emerge as a critical region during the founding period by interacting with China's advanced civilization as well as human exchanges through external networks before the 3rd century BC.