동아시아 3국의 국외입양제도 전개 과정 연구
The Unfolding of the Transnational Adoption Systems of the Three Asian Countries, China, Korea, and Taiwan
1
조회
0
다운로드
5
인용
0
참고문헌
키워드
초록
한국과 중국, 대만을 비롯한 동아시아 3국은 아동을 국외로 입양 보낸다는 점에서 공통적이다. 한국전쟁 이후 본격화된 한국 아동의 미국 입양은 인종과 문화, 언어가 다른 국가 간 ‘아동 교환’이 가능하다는 점을 증명해왔다. 한국전쟁 직후 ‘예외 상태’에서 임시방편으로 추진된 혼혈아동의 미국 입양 이후, 한국에서 60년 넘도록 국외입양제도가 아동복지의 방안으로 활용되었다. 한편, 1990년대 초반 국외입양제도를 본격 도입한 중국은 20세기 최대 입양송출국이던 한국의 전철을 답습한다. 중국에서는 한자녀정책과 남아선호사상으로 유기된 여아가 중국 내에서 입양되지 못한 채 국외로 입양되고 있다. 또한 대만에서는 경제 사정 악화와 미혼모 지원 부족, 비혈연 친족관계에 대한 반감으로 국외입양이 증가 추세다. 절대빈곤과 에이즈의 창궐, 자연재해, 불법입양 등으로 아동을 국외로 입양보내는 여타 입양송출국과 차별화된 국외입양 현상이 동아시아 3국에서 공히 나타난다. 오늘날 동아시아 3국에서는 미혼모 지원 부족과 남아선호사상, 한자녀정책이 입양송출의 원인이 되고 있다. 이 점은 빈곤문제의 개선만으로 동아시아에서 국외 입양송출이 중단되지 않는다는 점을 시사한다. 초고령화 사회와 저출산 문제에 직면한 동아시아는 대부분의 입양수용국과 유사한 인구구조를 보인다. 국가 차원의 출산장려 정책을 실시하는 한국과 중국, 대만에서 국외입양이 지속된다는 점은 국가 재생산정책의 허점을 보여준다. 20세기 후반부터 동아시아에서는 입양인들과 원가족, 미혼모, 시민활동가를 중심으로 국외입양제도를 비판하는 운동이 전개되고 있다.
Abstract
East Asian countries, including South Korea, China, Taiwan are commonly known as “sending countries” for transnational adoption. Many Korean adoptees who had been sent abroad after the Korean War have formed multi-ethnic families where family members do not share common race or culture. The early phase of transnational adoption in Korea was almost similar to being an “exceptional state.” Nonetheless, the placements of the Korean children into foreign families have lasted for more than six decades. China had kicked off its transnational adoption in around the 1990s. Now China has become the principal “sending country,” as how Korea was in the 20th century. The One Child Policy in conjunction with preference for sons are said to be the main reasons why some Chinese parents relinquish their daughters. The transnational adoption in Taiwan is on the increase owing to its weakening economy and lack of social welfare that is designed with the intention of keeping single mothers reinforcing parenthood. Extreme poverty, AIDS pandemic, catastrophic natural disasters and illegal adoption networking are the main reasons for transnational adoption in other “sending countries” in Africa and Latin America, Southeast Asia. In contrast, non-economic factors are the principal reasons of transnational adoption in the East Asian countries. This fact indicates that it is not possible to solve adoption-related problems only by mean of economic development. The East Asian countries face severe aging population issues and the lowest fertility rates as many receiving countries. It is found that these countries try to solve the population crisis by way of helping families from falling apart. Nevertheless, numerous Korean and Taiwanese children, mostly abandoned by single mothers, are brought over from East Asia to be adopted by Western families. Tens of thousands of Chinese girls have been adopted by Western parents. The East Asian countries are boasting economic miracles, the transnational adoption phenomena reveals these countries’ backwardness in social welfare and their dependence on the West. Such social phenomena give rise to collective shame among some East Asians. Transnational adoption has been increasingly criticized in recent years as being unfair to both the adoptees and their birth parents. Adoptees and their birth families, activists make their voices heard recently. This is the very time we should be thinking about the changeover of transnational adoption systems.
참고문헌 (95)
- 권희정, "입양실천에서 나타나는 정상가족 담론과 미혼모 자녀의 ‘고아’ 만들기", 페미니즘연구, 15(1), pp.51~98 (2015), 한국여성연구소
- 권희정, "한국의 미혼모성에 관한 연구: 근대 이후 가족과 입양제도의 변화 및 실천을 중심으로", 박사, pp.2014
- 권희정, "미혼모성’의 경험을 통해 본 근대의 탈모성화 역사", 구술사연구, 5(2), pp.37~80 (2014)
- 권희정, "인권, 모성권, 아동복리 측면에서 본 비혼모를 둘러싼 쟁점들", 이화젠더법학, 2(2), pp.53~78 (2011)
- 권희정, "사랑의 사각지대: 가슴으로 낳은 사랑, 배 아파 낳은 사랑은…?", 여, 2009, pp.21, 99~111
- 김재민, "한국의 해외입양 정책 연구: 국가기록물과 언론보도를 중심으로", 박사, pp.2016
- 박정준, "한국 태생 국외입양인의 작품에 나타난 자아 재구성의 문제", 박사, pp.2014
- 박정준, "러시아·미국 국외입양 논전에 나타난 아동의 소외", 러시아연구, 26(2), pp.111~140 (2016), 러시아연구소
- 보건복지부, "2015년 입양 관련 통계", 보건복지부, ~ (2016)
- 아감벤, 지오르지오, "호모사케르: 주권권력과 벌거벗은 생명" (2008), 새물결
- 유혜량, "해외입양 한인의 정체성 정치: ‘뿌리찾기운동’을 중심으로", 한국동북아논총, 21(2), pp.149~169 (2016), 한국동북아학회
- 이삼식, "초저출산과 향후 인구 동향", 보건복지포럼, 213, pp.5~13 (2014)
- 이예원, "귀환 해외 입양인 조직화와 디아스포라 운동", 석사, 사회학, pp.2008
- 이예원, "한국사회의 귀환 입양인 운동과 시사점 - 입양 체계라는 관점에서의 해외 입양 역사 서술 그리고 해외 입양인의 구술사를 통하여", 민족연구, (37), pp.158~177 (2009), 사단법인 한국민족연구원
- 정소라, "‘가부장’ 없는 가부장제: 한국 미혼모의 입양과 양육 실천", 석사, pp.2016
- 정소라, "한국 입양법 변화의 사회적 의미: 1967년 입양법과 2012년 입양법을 중심으로", 민족연구, (65), pp.46~62 (2016), 사단법인 한국민족연구원
- 정현미, "비혼모에 대한 한국사회 처우와 권리 보장 방안", 이화젠더법학, 2(2), pp.109~134 (2011)
- 트렌카, 제인 정, "백만 명의 살아있는 유령들: 구조적 폭력, 사회적 죽음 그리고 한국의 해외입양", 여, 2010, pp.22, 33~51
- 한서승희, "국외 입양과 아동의 이주", 민족연구, (60), pp.68~85 (2014), 사단법인 한국민족연구원
- 阿波羅新聞網, "那些被外國人收養的中國棄嬰 圖", 阿波羅新聞網, ~ (2014)
- Statistical Yearbook of Republic of China 2014, "中華民國統計資訊網", Director General of Budget, Accounting and Statistics, ~ (2015)
- 陳昭佩, "自由廣場 缺乏性教育 增加性風險" (2015), 自由廣場
- 范可, "从“悄然无声” 到“引人注目”: 关于美国公民的跨国领养", 21世紀東アジア社会学, (5) (2013)
- 范可, "跨国领养: 对美国公民领养中国婴孩及其相关现象的考察", 世界民族, 3 (2004)
- 风笑天, "中国独生子女: “小皇帝”还是新公民", 21世紀東アジア社会学 (2010)
- 高晓莹, "拐卖儿童罪之犯罪学探析", 中国青年政治学院学报, 6 (2010)
- 全国人民代表大会, "中华人民共和国收养法", 全国人大常委会, ~ (1992)
- 梅龄, "被抱走的女儿" (2009), 宝瓶文化
- 沈子涵, "美國人海外領養兒童銳減 中國仍是最大來源地", 中央網路報 (2011)
- 王美恩, "愛, 無國界: 台灣孩子, 荷蘭父母的收養故事" (2013), 親子天下
- 王美恩, "21世紀的今天, 為何我們還需要被荷蘭人照顧?" (2014), 天下雜誌出版
- 网易, "那些被中国人遗弃的女孩和他们的美国养父" (2016), 安家美国
- Anagnost, Ann, "Scenes of Misrecognition: Maternal Citizenship in the Age of Transnational Adoption", East Asia Cultures Critique, 8(2), pp.389~421 (2000)
- Ben-Zion, Sigalit, "Constructing transnational and transracial identity:adoption and belonging in Sweden, Norway, and Denmark" (2014), Palgrave Macmillan
- Brian, Kristi, "Reframing Transracial Adoption: Adopted Koreans, White Parents, and the Politics of Kinship" (2012), Temple Univ Press
- Briggs, Laura, "Somebody’s Children: The Politics of Transracial and Transnational Adoption" (2012), Duke University Press
- Castañeda, Claudia, "Figurations: Child, Bodies, Worlds" (2002), Duke University Press
- Cernada George. P., "Implications for Adolescent Sex Education in Taiwan", Study Family Planning, 17(4), pp.181~187 (1986)
- Choy, Christine. C, "Global Families: A History of Asian International Adoption in America" (2013), New York University Press
- Dalen, Monica, "Educational Achievement Among International Adoptees", Anuario de Psicología, 38, pp.199~208 (2007)
- Dalen, Monica, "Internationally Adopted Children from Non-European Countries: General Development during the First Two Years in the Adoptive Family", The Scientific World Journal, 1, pp.1~9 (2012)
- De Graeve, Katrien, "‘They Have Our Culture’: Negotiating Migration in Belgian–Ethiopian Transnational Adoption", Ethnos: Journal of Anthropology, pp.1~20 (2013)
- Dijkstra, Peter, "Gender-Asymmetry in Dating Success of Korean Adoptees in the West", Sociology Mind, 1, pp.91~95 (2011)
- Dorow, Sara. K., "Transnational Adoption: A Cultural Economy of Race, Gender, and Kinship" (2006), New York University Press
- Dubinsky, Karen, "Babies without Borders: Adoption and Migration across the Americas" (2010), University of Toronto Press
- Eng, David. L., "The Feeling of Kinship: Queer Liberalism and the Racialization of Intimacy" (2010), Duke University Press
- Fong, Vanessa. L, "China's One‐Child Policy and the Empowerment of Urban Daughters", American Anthropologist, 104(4), pp.1098~1109 (2002)
- Fonseca, Cláudia, "An Unexpected Reversal: The 'Demise' of International Adoption in Brazil", Adoption & Fostering, 25(3), pp.28~39 (2002)
- Gailey, Christine. W., "Blue-Ribbon Babies and Labors of Love: Race, Class, and Gender in U.S. Adoption Practice" (2010), University of Texas Press
- Halvarson, Camilla, "Adoption in Taiwan: a study of the background and reasons for adoption in Taiwan today" (1991), Institute of Oriental Languages, Stockholm University
- Howell, Signe, "The Kinning of Foreigners: Transnational Adoption in a Global Perspective" (2007), Berghahn Books
- Huang, Chien-Chung, "Effectiveness of Social Welfare Programmes in East Asia: A Case Study of Taiwan", Social Policy & Administration, 45(7), pp.733~751 (2011)
- Jerng, Marc. C, "Claiming Others: Transracial Adoption and National Belonging" (2010), University of Minnesota Press
- Kim, Eleana. J., "Adopted Territory: Transnational Korean Adoptees and the Politics of Belonging" (2010), Duke University Press
- Kim, Hosu, "The Biopolitics of Transnational Adoption in South Korea", Body & Society, 21(1), pp.58~89 (2015)
- Kim, Hosu, "Television Mothers", Cultural Studies ↔ Critical Methodologies, 12(5), pp.438~449 (2012)
- Kubo, Kazuyo, "Transnationalizing families: Race, multiculturalism and transnational adoption" (2009), University of Illinois
- Leinaweaver, Jessica. B., "Adoptive Migration: Raising Latinos in Spain" (2013), Duke University Press
- Lind, Judith, "‘As Swedish as anybody else’ or ‘Swedish, but also something else’? Discourses on Transnational Adoptee Identities in Sweden", Adoption & Fostering Journal, 36(3), pp.85~96 (2012)
- Myong, Lene, "(Un)liveabilities:Homonationalism and transnational adoption", Sexualities, 18(3), pp.1~17 (2015)
- Nelson, Kim Ja Park, "Korean Looks, American Eyes: Korean American Adoptees, Race, Culture and Nation", Ph. D, pp.2009
- Novy, Marianne, "Reading Adoption: Family and Difference in Fiction and Drama" (2005), University of Michigan Press
- Pate, Soojin, "From Orphan to Adoptee: U.S. Empire and Genealogies of Korean Adoption" (2014), Univ of Minnesota Press
- Poncz, Elisa, "China’s Proposed International Adoption Law", Harvard ILJ Online, 48, pp.74~82 (2007)
- Rinhaug, Aino, "Adoptee Aesthetics: A Gendered Discourse", Race, 2010, pp.4, 9~27
- Selman, Peter, "Intercountry adoption of children from Asia in the twenty-first century", Children’s Geographies, 13(3), pp.312~327 (2015)
- Selman, Peter, "The rise and fall of intercountry adoption in the 21st century", International Social Work, 52(5), pp.575~594 (2009)
- Selman, Peter, "Global Trends in Intercountry Adoption 2001-2010", Adoption Advocate, 44, pp.1~17 (2012)
- Selman, Peter, "Trends in Intercountry Adoption: Analysis of Data from 20 Receiving Countries, 1998–2004", Journal of Population Research, 23(2), pp.183~204 (2006)
- Eli Park Sorensen, "Desire and Censorship in Astrid Trotzig’s Blod är tjockare än vatten", 세계문학비교연구, (37), pp.543~567 (2011), 세계문학비교학회
- Sørensen, Eli Park, "Korean Adoption Literature and the Politics of Representation", Journal of Literature and the History of Ideas, 12(1), pp.155~179 (2014)
- Trenka, Jane Jeong, "Internationally Adopted Koreans and the Movement to Revise the Korean Adoption Law", 이화젠더법학, 2(2), pp.135~169 (2011)
- Tuan, Mia, "Choosing Ethnicity, Negotiating Race, Korean Adoptees in America" (2011), Russell Sage Foundation
- Yngvesson, Barbara, "Belonging in an Adopted World: Race, Identity, and Transnational Adoption" (2010), The University of Chicago Press
- Zhao, Yan, "Negotiating Differences : Transnational adoption, Norwegianness and Identity Work. Ph. D. Thesis. University of Nordland. Norway", Ph. D, pp.2012
- "<중앙입양원> 홈페이지"[URL]
- "代辦收養柯尼 褚麗卿駁跨國販嬰" (2015)[URL]
- "告訴你真相: 為什麼老美喜歡領養中國孩子?" (2007)[URL]
- "美夫婦不惜舉債 再收養中國養女的雙胞胎姐妹" (2016)[URL]
- "美國人海外領養兒童銳減 中國仍是最大來源地" (2011)[URL]
- "領養大國美國被曝棄養黑幕" (2013)[URL]
- "美国家庭收养中国孤儿-收养数据" (2015)[URL]
- "國際收養" (2016)[URL]
- "国外收养组织" (2011)[URL]
- "中國拐賣兒童猖獗" (2012)[URL]
- "Adoption Statistics" (2017)[URL]
- "International Adoption Statistics; By Country of Origin" (2016)[URL]
- "China birth rate up after one-child rule change" (2017)[URL]
- "Taiwanese adopted overseas search for biological parents" (2014)[URL]
- "So you want to adopt a child from Taiwan?" (2013)[URL]
- "China ends one-child policy after 35 years" (2015)[URL]
- "Receiving States 2004-2014, States of Origin 2004-2015" (2016)[URL]
- "Intercountry Adoption Statistics" (2016)[URL]
- "Taiwan must develop proper sex education curriculum" (2014)[URL]
