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2019년 카자흐스탄 권력승계 연구: 권력복점의 제도화를 중심으로

An Analysis on Kazakhstan Power Succession in 2019: Institutionalization of Power Duopoly

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초록

본 논문은 2019년에 발생한 카자흐스탄의 권력승계 사례를 분석한다. 권력승계는 권위주의 체제지속에 있어서 가장 위협적인 국면 중 하나로 지적된다. 그렇지만 2019년 카자흐스탄의 권위주의 통치연합은 권력양위를 통해서 안정적인 권력승계를 달성했다. 해당 유형의 권력승계는 승계과정의 불확실성을 최소화하였다. 그럼에도 권력양위는 전임자와 현직자 간의 갈등가능성을 내포한다. 카자흐스탄은 전임자와 현직자 간의 갈등을 권력복점의 제도화를 통해 제하고자 했다. 이러한 권력복점의 제도화는 통치 연합 엘리트들의 확약 문제와 집단행동문제를 해소하는데 기여하고 있다. 카자흐스탄식 권력승계는 향후 다른 개인 권위주의 국가들에서도 관측될 것이다. 권위주의 물결의 대두와 함께 개인 권위주의 체제가 증가하고 있는 현실에서 개인 독재자에게 권력양위형 권력승계는 유의미한 선택지로 남아 있을 것이기 때문이다.

Abstract

This paper analyzes the case of Kazakhstan power succession in 2019. The succession of power is pointed out as one of the most threatening aspects in the continuation of authoritarian spells. However, the authoritarian ruling coalition of Kazakhstan achieved stable power succession through abdication in 2019. This type of power succession minimized uncertainty in the succession process, although the possibility of conflict between the incumbent and predecessor is present in the abdication. Kazakhstan sought to control this conflict through institutionalization of power duopoly. Such institutionalization is known to attribute toward the resolution of commitment and collective action problem among the elites in the ruling coalition. The Kazakhstan way of power succession will continue to be observed in the future from other personalist authoritarian regimes. With the rising wave of autocratization and the increasing number of personalist authoritarian regimes, the power succession through abdication will remain as a significant option for personalist dictators.

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