아시아 지역 시민사회 농촌개발협력을 통한 성평등과 생태시민성의 실천: 인도네시아 귀환이주여성을 중심으로
Advancing Gender Equality and Ecological Citizenship through Civil Society Organizations’ Rural Development Cooperation in Asia: Returning Indonesian Migrant Women
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초록
본 연구는 기후위기 시대 아시아 지역 시민사회 농촌개발협력, 특히 인도네시아 귀환이주여성 중심의 임파워먼트 지원사업을 통해 이들이 어떻게 대안농업을 실천하고 새로운 농민 공동체를 구성함으로써 성평등과 생태시민성을 실천해 나가 는지를 밝히고자 한다. 지속가능발전에서 젠더와 환경 문제는 크로스커팅 이슈로서 중요한 목표이자 전략으로 다루어져 왔고, 생태시민권은 지구적 기후변화의 문제에 대응하는 새로운 생태윤리이자 실천으로 논의되어 왔다. 그러나 국제개발 협력에서 기후변화에 대응하는 성평등하고 지속가능한 생태시민권을 어떻게 실현할 것인가에 대해서는 논의가 충분치 않다. 이에 본 연구는 인도네시아 서자바 지역 중에서 해외이주여성의 비율이 높은 찌안주르 지역의 귀환이주여성을 대상으로 대안농업 교육 등을 지원하는 시민사회 농촌개발협력 사업에 대한 여성주의 사례연구를 통해 이들이 어떻게 농민이 되 어 가고, 여성농민 독자 조직을 새롭게 만들어 가는지를 생태적 힘을 중심으로 분석하고 있다. 특히 이들이 어떻게 조직의 외연을 확장해 가고 마을과 지역의 생태위기에 적극 대응하는지를 성평등과 생태시민성의 측면에서 규명하고 있다. 연구 결과 찌안쭈르 지역 여성농민들은 농촌개발협력 사업에 참여하면서 대안농업을 통해 생태와의 관계성을 변화시키고 이러한 힘을 바탕으로 생태적이고 시민적인 경험 세계를 재구축해 나가는 동시에 지역의 사회변화를 이끄는 행위자로서 새로운 주체되기의 과정을 발현하고 있었다. 또한 이들은 대안농업운동을 통해서 땅, 종자, 작물과 같은 생태 전반을 변화시키는 가운데 가족, 마을, 지역에 착근된 가부장적 불평등 구조와 여성 시민권의 부재에 대항하는 적극적인 행위자이자 변혁자로 변화하고 있었다.
Abstract
This study aims to elucidate how women peasants are reconfiguring their community through alternative agriculture to practice gender equality and ecological citizenship through civil society rural development cooperation in Asia in the era of the climate crisis, especially the empowerment project of women peasants in Indonesia. In sustainable development, gender and environmental issues have been addressed as important goals and strategies for cross-cutting issues, and ecological citizenship has been discussed as a new ecological ethic and practice in response to the problem of global climate change. However, there is a lack of discussion on how to realize gender equality and sustainable ecological citizenship in response to climate change in international development cooperation. Therefore, this study revealed, from the perspective of gender equality and ecological citizenship, how returning migrant women become peasants through a civil society rural development cooperation project that supports alternative agriculture training and business for returning migrant women, focusing on the Cianjur district, which has a high proportion of transmigrant women in West Java, Indonesia. It conducted a feminist case study in Cianjur on a rural development project implemented from 2015 to 2019 with support from Japanese civil society. Research findings show that women peasants in Cianjur are transforming their relationship with ecology through alternative agricultural practices and strengthening their ecological, economic, social, and political capacities through multi ayered activities. They are also pushing for local change in land reform, addressing deforestation and water scarcity, infrastructure support, and the representation of women peasants in the public sphere. Ultimately, in order to alter the norms, customs, and systems of international development cooperation in response to climate change and ecological crises, tangible steps must be taken to expand women’s engagement and representation at the local, national, and transnational levels.
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